Master List Of Logical Fallacies

Argumentum advert Baculum ("Argument from the Club." Also, "Argumentum advert Baculam," "Argument from Strength," "Muscular Leadership," "Non-negotiable Demands," "Hard Power," Bullying, The power-Play, Fascism, Resolution by Force of Arms, Shock and Awe.): The fallacy of "persuasion" or "proving one is correct" by power, violence, brutality, terrorism, superior strength, raw navy might, or threats of violence. E.g., "Gimmee your wallet or I'll knock your head off!" or "We have the perfect right to take your land, since we've the massive guns and you do not." Also applies to oblique types of menace. E.g., "Give up your foolish pride, kneel down and accept our religion at this time if you don't want to burn in hell eternally and ever!" A mainly discursive Argumentum ad Baculum is that of forcibly silencing opponents, ruling them "out of order," blocking, censoring or jamming their message, or just talking over them or/speaking extra loudly than they do, this final a tactic significantly attributed to men in mixed-gender discussions. Argumentum advert Mysteriam ("Argument from Mystery;" additionally Mystagogy.): A darkened chamber, incense, chanting or drumming, bowing and kneeling, particular robes or headgear, holy rituals and massed voices reciting sacred mysteries in an unknown tongue have a quasi-hypnotic impact and might usually persuade extra strongly than any logical argument. The Puritan Reformation was in large part a rejection of this fallacy. When used knowingly and intentionally this fallacy is particularly vicious and accounts for among the fearsome persuasive power of cults. An example of an Argumentum advert Mysteriam is the "Long ago and much Away" fallacy, the truth that facts, proof, practices or arguments from ancient times, distant lands and/or "exotic" cultures seem to acquire a particular gravitas or ethos merely because of their antiquity, language or origin, e.g., publicly chanting Holy Scriptures of their authentic (most frequently incomprehensible) historic languages, preferring the Greek, Latin, Assyrian or Old Slavonic Christian Liturgies over their vernacular variations, or using classic or newly invented Greek and Latin names for fallacies in an effort to assist their validity. See additionally, Esoteric Knowledge. An obverse of the Argumentum ad Mysteriam is the usual Version Fallacy.

Argumentum ex Silentio (Argument from Silence): The fallacy that if out there sources stay silent or current information and proof can show nothing a few given subject or question this fact in itself proves the truth of 1's declare. E.g., "Science can inform us nothing about God. That proves God doesn't exist." Or "Science admits it might tell us nothing about God, so that you can't deny that God exists!" Often misused in the American justice system, where, contrary to the fifth Amendment and the legal presumption of innocence till confirmed responsible, remaining silent or "taking the Fifth" is commonly falsely portrayed as proof of guilt. E.g., "Mr. Hixon can offer no alibi for his whereabouts the evening of January 15th. This proves that he was in reality in room 331 at the Smuggler's Inn, murdering his wife with a hatchet!" In today's America, choosing to remain silent in the face of a police officer's questions could make one guilty sufficient to be arrested or even shot. See also, Argument from Ignorance. Availability Bias (also, Attention Bias, Anchoring Bias): A fallacy of logos stemming from the pure tendency to present undue attention and significance to data that is instantly available at hand, significantly the first or final information acquired, and to minimize or ignore broader information or wider proof that clearly exists but just isn't as simply remembered or accessed. E.g., "We know from expertise that this doesn't work," when "expertise" means the latest local attempt, ignoring overwhelming expertise from different locations and occasions where it has worked and does work. Also related is the fallacy of Hyperbole [additionally, Magnification, or typically Catastrophizing] the place an immediate instance is immediately proclaimed "the most vital in all of human historical past," or the "worst in the whole world!" This latter fallacy works extraordinarily effectively with less-educated audiences and those whose "entire world" is very small certainly, audiences who "hate historical past" and whose historical memory spans a number of weeks at greatest.

The Bandwagon Fallacy (also, Argument from Common Sense, Argumentum advert Populum): The fallacy of arguing that because "everyone," "the folks," or "the majority" (or somebody in energy who has widespread backing) supposedly thinks or does something, it must due to this fact be true and right. E.g., "Whether there truly is massive scale voter fraud in America or not, many people now think there may be and that makes it so." Sometimes also contains Lying with Statistics, e.g. "Over 75% of Americans imagine that crooked Bob Hodiak is a thief, a liar and a pervert. There may not be any evidence, however for anyone with half a mind that conclusively proves that Crooked Bob should go to jail! Lock him up! Lock him up!" That is generally mixed with the "Argumentum advert Baculum," e.g., "Prefer it or not, it's time to decide on sides: Are you going to get on board the bandwagon with everybody else, or get crushed under the wheels because it goes by?" Or within the 2017 words of former White House spokesperson Sean Spicer, ""They should both get with the program or they'll go," A contemporary digital form of the Bandwagon Fallacy is the data Cascade, "in which individuals echo the opinions of others, often on-line, even when their own opinions or exposure to information contradicts that opinion. When data cascades type a pattern, this sample can start to overpower later opinions by making it appear as if a consensus already exists." (Due to Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) See also Wisdom of the gang, and The big Lie Technique. For the alternative of this fallacy see the Romantic Rebel fallacy. The massive Brain/Little Brain Fallacy (additionally, the Führerprinzip; Mad Leader Disease): A not-uncommon but excessive example of the Blind Loyalty Fallacy under, wherein a tyrannical boss, military commander, or religious or cult-chief tells followers "Don't suppose with your little brains (the mind in your head), however with your Big mind (mine)." This final is generally expressed in optimistic phrases, i.e., "You don't have to fret and stress out about the rightness or wrongness of what you might be doing since I, the Leader. am assuming all ethical and authorized duty for all your actions. So long as you are faithfully following orders with out query I'll defend you and gladly accept all the consequences up to and including eternal damnation if I'm mistaken." The alternative of that is the fallacy of "Plausible Deniability." See additionally, "Just Do It!", and "Gaslighting." The big "But" Fallacy (additionally, Special Pleading): The fallacy of enunciating a generally-accepted principle after which instantly negating it with a "but." Often this takes the type of the "Special Case," which is supposedly exempt from the same old guidelines of regulation, logic, morality, ethics or even credibility E.g., "As Americans we've got always believed on principle that each human being has God-given, inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, including in the case of criminal accusations a good and speedy trial before a jury of 1's friends. But, your crime was so unspeakable and a trial would be so problematic for national security that it justifies locking you up for all times in Guantanamo with out trial, conviction or chance of enchantment." Or, "Yes, Honey, I nonetheless love you more than life itself, and I know that in my marriage ceremony vows I promised earlier than God that I'd forsake all others and be faithful to you 'till dying do us half,' but you've to understand, this was a particular case..." See additionally, "Shopping Hungry," and "We Need to do Something!" The big Lie Technique (also the Bold Faced Lie; "Staying on Message."): The contemporary fallacy of repeating a lie, fallacy, slogan, talking-point, nonsense-assertion or misleading half-truth again and again in several kinds (significantly within the media) until it becomes part of day by day discourse and other people settle for it without further proof or proof. Sometimes the bolder and more outlandish the big Lie becomes the extra credible it appears to a willing, most frequently offended audience. E.g., "What concerning the Jewish Problem?" Note that when this specific phony debate was occurring there was no "Jewish Problem," solely a Nazi Problem, but hardly anyone in energy acknowledged or needed to discuss that, while far too many abnormal Germans were only too ready to find a handy scapegoat to blame for their suffering during the good Depression. Writer Miles J. Brewer expertly demolishes The large Lie Technique in his traditional (1930) quick story, "The Gostak and the Doshes." However, more contemporary examples of the large Lie fallacy might be the utterly fictitious August 4, 1964 "Tonkin Gulf Incident" concocted beneath Lyndon Johnson as a false justification for escalating the Vietnam War, or the non-existent "Weapons of Mass Destruction" in Iraq (conveniently abbreviated "WMD's" with a purpose to lend this Big Lie a legitimizing, navy-sounding "Alphabet Soup" ethos), utilized in 2003 as a false justification for the Second Gulf War. The November, 2016 U.S. President-elect's assertion that "thousands and thousands" of ineligible votes had been cast in that year's American. presidential election seems to be a classic Big Lie. See also, Alternative Truth; The Bandwagon Fallacy, the Straw Man, Alphabet Soup, and Propaganda. Blind Loyalty (also Blind Obedience, Unthinking Obedience, the "Team Player" attraction, the Nuremberg Defense): The dangerous fallacy that an argument or action is right simply and solely because a revered chief or source (a President, professional, one’s parents, one's own "side," crew or country, one’s boss or commanding officers) says it is correct. This is over-reliance on authority, a gravely corrupted argument from ethos that puts loyalty above fact, above one's personal reason and above conscience. In this case an individual attempts to justify incorrect, stupid or criminal conduct by whining "That is what I used to be advised to do," or "I was just following orders." See additionally, The massive Brain/Little Brain Fallacy, and The "Soldiers' Honor" Fallacy. Blood is Thicker than Water (also Favoritism; Compadrismo; "For my pals, something."): The reverse of the "Ad Hominem" fallacy, a corrupt argument from ethos where an announcement, argument or motion is mechanically regarded as true, correct and above challenge because one is said to, is aware of and likes, or is on the identical group or side, or belongs to the identical religion, celebration, club or fraternity as the person involved. (E.g., "My brother-in-regulation says he noticed you goofing off on the job. You're a hard worker but who am I going to imagine, you or him? You're fired!") See also the Identity Fallacy. Brainwashing (also, Propaganda, "Radicalization."): The Cold War-period fantasy that an enemy can instantly win over or "radicalize" an unsuspecting viewers with their vile however someway unspeakably persuasive "propaganda," e.g., "Don't have a look at that web site! They're trying to brainwash you with their propaganda!" Historically, "brainwashing" refers extra properly to the inhuman Argumentum advert Baculum of "beating an argument into" a prisoner via a mix of ache, worry, sensory or sleep deprivation, extended abuse and subtle psychological manipulation (also, the "Stockholm Syndrome."). Such "brainwashing" can be accomplished by pleasure ("Love Bombing,"); e.g., "Did you want that? I know you did. Well, there's lots extra where that got here from when you sign on with us!" (See also, "Bribery.") An unspeakably sinister form of persuasion by brainwashing involves deliberately addicting a person to medicine and then providing or withholding the substance relying on the addict's compliance. Note: Only the opposite side brainwashes. "We" never brainwash. Bribery (additionally, Material Persuasion, Material Incentive, Financial Incentive). The fallacy of "persuasion" by bribery, gifts or favors is the reverse of the Argumentum ad Baculum. As is well-known, somebody who's persuaded by bribery rarely "stays persuaded" in the long run until the bribes carry on coming in and rising with time. See also Appeasement. Calling "Cards": A contemporary fallacy of logos, arbitrarily and falsely dismissing familiar or easily-anticipated however legitimate, reasoned objections to one's standpoint with a wave of the hand, as mere "playing cards" in some type of "game" of rhetoric, e.g. "Don't attempt to play the 'Race Card' towards me," or "She's playing the 'Woman Card' once more," or "That 'Hitler Card' will not rating with me in this argument." See also, The Taboo, and Political Correctness. Circular Reasoning (additionally, The Vicious Circle; Catch 22, Begging the Question, Circulus in Probando): A fallacy of logos the place A is because of B, and B is due to A, e.g., "You can't get a job with out expertise, and also you can't get experience with out a job." Also refers to falsely arguing that something is true by repeating the identical assertion in several phrases. E.g., "The witchcraft downside is the most urgent spiritual crisis on the earth immediately. Why? Because witches threaten our very eternal salvation." A corrupt argument from logos. See additionally the "Big Lie method." The Complex Question: The contemporary fallacy of demanding a direct reply to a query that cannot be answered with out first analyzing or challenging the basis of the question itself. E.g., "Just reply me 'sure' or 'no': Did you think you could possibly get away with plagiarism and not endure the consequences?" Or, "Why did you rob that financial institution?" Also applies to conditions where one is pressured to both accept or reject complicated standpoints or propositions containing both acceptable and unacceptable components. A corruption of the argument from logos. A counterpart of Either/Or Reasoning. Confirmation Bias: A fallacy of logos, the widespread tendency to note, search out, choose and share proof that confirms one's own standpoint and beliefs, versus opposite proof. This fallacy is how "fortune tellers" work--If I'm instructed I'll meet a "tall, dark stranger" I will be on the lookout for a tall, dark stranger, and once i meet somebody even marginally assembly that description I'll marvel on the correctness of the "psychic's" prediction. In contemporary occasions Confirmation Bias is most often seen within the tendency of various audiences to "curate their political environments, subsisting on one-sided data diets and [even] choosing into politically homogeneous neighborhoods" (Michael A. Neblo et al., 2017, Science magazine). Confirmation Bias (also, Homophily) means that people are likely to search out and observe solely those media outlets that verify their frequent ideological and cultural biases, sometimes to an degree that leads a the false (implicit or even specific) conclusion that "everyone" agrees with that bias and that anyone who would not is "loopy," "looney," evil and even "radicalized." See also, "Half Truth," and "Defensiveness." Cost Bias: A fallacy of ethos (that of a product), the fact that something expensive (either in phrases of money, or one thing that's "exhausting fought" or "laborious received" or for which one "paid dearly") is mostly valued extra highly than something obtained free or cheaply, regardless of the merchandise's actual quality, utility or true worth to the purchaser. E. g., "Hey, I worked hard to get this car! It may be nothing however a clunker that can't make it up a steep hill, however it's mine, and to me it's higher than some millionaire's limo." Also applies to judging the standard of a shopper item (and even of its owner!) primarily by the merchandise's model, price, label or supply, e.g., "Hey, you there within the Jay-Mart swimsuit! Har-har!" or, "Ooh, she's driving a Mercedes!" Default Bias: (additionally, Normalization of Evil, "Deal with it;" "If it ain't broke, do not fix it;" Acquiescence; "Making one's peace with the state of affairs;" "Get used to it;" "Whatever is, is correct;" "It's what it is;" "Let or not it's, let or not it's;" "This is the better of all potential worlds [or, the only potential world];" "Better the satan you recognize than the satan you do not."): The logical fallacy of automatically favoring or accepting a state of affairs simply because it exists proper now, and arguing that some other different is mad, unthinkable, unimaginable, or not less than would take an excessive amount of effort, expense, stress or risk to alter. The other of this fallacy is that of Nihilism ("Tear all of it down!"), blindly rejecting what exists in favor of what might be, the adolescent fantasy of romanticizing anarchy, chaos (an ideology typically known as political "Chaos Theory"), disorder, "everlasting revolution," or change for change's sake. Defensiveness (additionally, Choice-support Bias: Myside Bias): A fallacy of ethos (one's personal), through which after one has taken a given determination, commitment or plan of action, one mechanically tends to defend that call and to irrationally dismiss opposing choices even when one's choice later on proves to be shaky or mistaken. E.g., "Yeah, I voted for Snith. Sure, he turned out to be a crook and a liar and he got us into struggle, however I nonetheless say that at the moment he was better than the accessible alternate options!" See additionally "Argument from Inertia" and "Confirmation Bias." Deliberate Ignorance: (also, Closed-mindedness; "I don't need to hear it!"; Motivated Ignorance; Tuning Out; Hear No Evil, See No Evil, Speak No Evil [The Three Monkeys' Fallacy]): As described by writer and commentator Brian Resnik on Vox.com (2017), this is the fallacy of merely selecting to not hear, "tuning out" or turning off any info, evidence or arguments that problem one's beliefs, ideology, standpoint, or peace of mind, following the popular humorous dictum: "Don't try to confuse me with the info; my thoughts is made up!" This seemingly innocuous fallacy has enabled essentially the most vicious tyrannies and abuses over history, and continues to do so right now. See also Trust your Gut, Confirmation Bias, The Third Person Effect, "They're All Crooks," the Simpleton's Fallacy, and The Positive Thinking Fallacy. Diminished Responsibility: The frequent contemporary fallacy of applying a specialized judicial concept (that criminal punishment ought to be much less if one's judgment was impaired) to reality basically. E.g., "You can't depend me absent on Monday--I used to be hung over and could not come to class so it is not my fault." Or, "Yeah, I was dashing on the freeway and killed a man, however I was buzzed out of my thoughts and didn't know what I was doing so it did not matter that much." In actuality the dying does matter very much to the sufferer, to his family and friends and to society on the whole. Whether the perpetrator was high or not does not matter at all since the fabric outcomes are the same. This also consists of the fallacy of Panic, a quite common contemporary fallacy that one's phrases or actions, regardless of how damaging or evil, in some way do not "depend" as a result of "I panicked!" This fallacy is rooted in the confusion of "consequences" with "punishment." See also "Venting." Disciplinary Blinders: A quite common contemporary scholarly or skilled fallacy of ethos (that of 1's self-discipline, profession or educational subject), automatically disregarding, discounting or ignoring a priori in any other case-relevant analysis, arguments and proof that come from outside one's own skilled discipline, discourse group or academic space of research. E.g., "That may be related or not, but it is so not what we're doing in our field right now." See also, "Star Power" and "Two Truths." An analogous fallacy is that of Denominational Blinders, arbitrarily ignoring or waving apart with out serious consideration any arguments or dialogue about faith, morality, ethics, spirituality, the Divine or the afterlife that come from exterior one's own particular religious denomination or religion tradition. Dog-Whistle Politics: An extreme version of reductionism and sloganeering in the public sphere, a contemporary fallacy of logos and pathos wherein a short phrase or slogan of the hour, e.g., "Abortion," "The 1%," "9/11," "Zionism,""Chain Migration," "Islamic Terrorism," "Fascism," "Communism," "Big government," "Taco trucks!", "Tax and tax and spend and spend," "Gun violence," "Gun management," "Freedom of choice," "Lock 'em up,", "Amnesty," and so forth. is flung out as "purple meat" or "chum within the water" that reflexively sends one's audience right into a snapping, foaming-at-the-mouth feeding-frenzy. Any reasoned try and extra clearly identify, deconstruct or problem an opponent's "dog whistle" attraction leads to puzzled confusion at finest and wild, irrational fury at worst. "Dog whistles" differ extensively in several locations, moments and cultural milieux, and they change and lose or achieve power so quickly that even latest historic texts generally turn into extraordinarily troublesome to interpret. A standard however unhappy instance of the fallacy of Dog Whistle Politics is that of candidate "debaters" of differing political shades simply blowing a succession of discursive "canine whistles" at their viewers as a substitute of addressing, refuting or even bothering to pay attention to each other's arguments, a situation leading to contemporary (2017) allegations that the political Right and Left in America are speaking "totally different languages" when they're merely blowing completely different "dog whistles." See also, Reductionism.. The "Draw Your own Conclusion" Fallacy (additionally the Non-argument Argument; Let the Facts Speak for Themselves). On this fallacy of logos an in any other case uninformed viewers is presented with carefully chosen and groomed, "shocking facts" after which prompted to immediately "draw their own conclusions." E.g., "Crime rates are greater than twice as excessive among middle-class Patzinaks than amongst some other similar inhabitants group--draw your personal conclusions." It's well-known that those who are allowed to "come to their very own conclusions" are usually far more strongly convinced than these who are given both evidence and conclusion up entrance. However, Dr. William Lorimer factors out that "The only rational response to the non-argument is 'So what?' i.e. 'What do you suppose you've got proved, and why/how do you think you've proved it?'" Closely related (if not identical) to that is the effectively-identified "Leading the Witness" Fallacy, where a sham, sarcastic or biased query is requested solely so as to evoke a desired answer. The Dunning-Kruger Effect: A cognitive bias that leads people of restricted skills or data to mistakenly believe their abilities are higher than they really are. (Because of Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) E.g., "I do know Washington was the Father of His Country and by no means told a lie, Pocahontas was the primary Native American, Lincoln freed the slaves, Hitler murdered six million Jews, Susan B. Anthony received equal rights for ladies, and Martin Luther King mentioned "I've a dream!" Moses parted the Red Sea, Caesar mentioned "Et tu, Brute?" and the one purpose America didn't win the Vietnam War palms-down like we at all times do was as a result of they tied our generals' palms and the politicians lower and run. See? Why do I must take a history course? I know every part about historical past!" E" for Effort. (additionally Noble Effort; I'm Trying My Best; The Lost Cause): The frequent contemporary fallacy of ethos that one thing have to be right, true, worthwhile, or worthy of respect and honor solely as a result of one (or someone else) has put so much sincere good-faith effort and even sacrifice and bloodshed into it. (See additionally Appeal to Pity; Argument from Inertia; Heroes All; or Sob Story). An extreme example of this fallacy is Waving the Bloody Shirt (also, the "Blood of the Martyrs" Fallacy), the fallacy that a cause or argument, no matter how questionable or reprehensible, can't be questioned with out dishonoring the blood and sacrifice of those that died so nobly for that cause. E.g., "Defend the patriotic gore / That flecked the streets of Baltimore..." (from the official Maryland State Song). See additionally Cost Bias, The Soldier's Honor Fallacy, and the Argument from Inertia. Either/Or Reasoning: (additionally False Dilemma, All or Nothing Thinking; False Dichotomy, Black/White Fallacy, False Binary): A fallacy of logos that falsely offers solely two potential choices though a broad range of doable alternatives, variations and mixtures are all the time readily obtainable. E.g., "Either you might be 100% Simon Straightarrow or you're as queer as a three dollar invoice--it is as simple as that and there is no center floor!" Or, "Either you’re in with us all the way in which or you’re a hostile and should be destroyed! What's it gonna be?" Or, if your efficiency is something short of excellent, you consider yourself an abject failure. Also applies to falsely contrasting one choice or case to a different that's not likely opposed, e.g., falsely opposing "Black Lives Matter" to "Blue Lives Matter" when the truth is not just a few police officers are themselves African American, and African Americans and police are usually not (or ought to not be!) natural enemies. Or, falsely posing a choice of both serving to needy American veterans or serving to needy overseas refugees, when in actual fact in right this moment's United States there are ample resources accessible to easily do both should we care to take action. See also, Overgeneralization. Equivocation: The fallacy of intentionally failing to outline one's phrases, or knowingly and intentionally utilizing words in a special sense than the one the viewers will understand. (E.g., President Bill Clinton stating that he didn't have sexual relations with "that lady," which means no sexual penetration, understanding full effectively that the viewers will perceive his statement as "I had no sexual contact of any sort with that woman.") This is a corruption of the argument from logos, and a tactic usually used in American jurisprudence. Historically, this referred to a tactic used throughout the Reformation-era religious wars in Europe, when individuals have been pressured to swear loyalty to one or one other facet and did as demanded by way of "equivocation," i.e., "When i solemnly swore true religion and allegiance to the King I actually meant to King Jesus, King of Kings, and not to the evil usurper squatting on the throne today." This latter form of fallacy is excessively rare in the present day when the swearing of oaths has turn into successfully meaningless besides as obscenity or as speech formally subject to perjury penalties in legal or judicial settings. The Eschatological Fallacy: The historical fallacy of arguing, "This world is coming to an finish, so..." Popularly refuted by the statement that "Because the world is coming to an finish you won't want your life savings anyhow, so why not give all of it to me?" Esoteric Knowledge (additionally Esoteric Wisdom; Gnosticism; Inner Truth; the Inner Sanctum; Must Know): A fallacy from logos and ethos, that there is some information reserved only for the Wise, the Holy or the Enlightened, (or these with correct Security Clearance), issues that the masses can not understand and don't should know, at least not till they grow to be wiser, more trusted or extra "spiritually superior." The counterpart of this fallacy is that of Obscurantism (also Obscurationism, or Willful Ignorance), that (almost at all times said in a basso profundo voice) "There are some things that we mere mortals should by no means seek to know!" E.g., "Scientific experiments that violate the privateness of the marital mattress and expose the deep and non-public mysteries of human sexual behavior to the tough gentle of science are obscene, sinful and morally evil. There are some issues that we as humans are merely not meant to know!" For the alternative of this latter, see the "Plain Truth Fallacy." See also, Argumentum advert Mysteriam. Essentializing: A fallacy of logos that proposes an individual or factor "is what it's and that’s all that it's," and at its core will at all times be the way in which it is true now (E.g., "All terrorists are monsters, and will nonetheless be terrorist monsters even in the event that they live to be 100," or "'The poor you will at all times have with you,' so any effort to eliminate poverty is pointless."). Also refers back to the fallacy of arguing that one thing is a certain approach "by nature," an empty claim that no amount of proof can refute. (E.g., "Americans are cold and greedy by nature," or "Women are naturally higher cooks than males.") See also "Default Bias." The opposite of that is Relativizing, the typically postmodern fallacy of blithely dismissing any and all arguments against one's standpoint by shrugging one's shoulders and responding " Whatever..., I don't really feel like arguing about it;" "It all relies upon...;" "That's your opinion; the whole lot's relative;" or falsely invoking Einstein's Theory of Relativity, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Quantum Weirdness or the theory of Multiple Universes with a view to confuse, mystify or "refute" an opponent. See additionally, "Red Herring" and "Appeal to Nature." The Etymological Fallacy: (additionally, "The Underlying Meaning"): A fallacy of logos, drawing false conclusions from the (most often long-forgotten) linguistic origins of a current word, or the alleged meanings or associations of that word in one other language. E.g., "As used in physics, electronics and electrical engineering the time period 'hysteresis' is grossly sexist because it initially came from the Greek phrase for 'uterus' or 'womb.'" Or, "I refuse to eat fish! Don't you understand that the French word for "fish" is 'poisson,' which appears to be like simply just like the English phrase 'poison'? And doesn't that recommend something to you?" Famously, postmodern philosopher Jacques Derrida performed on this fallacy at great length in his (1968) "Plato's Pharmacy." The Excluded Middle: A corrupted argument from logos that proposes that since a little bit of something is sweet, extra have to be better (or that if less of something is good, none in any respect is even higher). E.g., "If consuming an apple a day is sweet for you, eating an all-apple weight loss program is even higher!" or "If a low fat food regimen prolongs your life, a no-fat diet ought to make you reside forever!" An reverse of this fallacy is that of Excluded Outliers, where one arbitrarily discards proof, examples or results that disprove one's standpoint by merely describing them as "Weird," "Outliers," or "Atypical." See also, "The massive 'But' Fallacy." Also reverse is the Middle of the Road Fallacy (also, Falacia advert Temperantiam; "The Politics of the middle;" Marginalization of the Adversary), the place one demonstrates the "reasonableness" of one's own standpoint (irrespective of how extreme) not by itself merits, however solely or primarily by presenting it as the one "moderate" path among two or more obviously unacceptable excessive alternate options. E.g., anti-Communist scholar Charles Roig (1979) notes that Vladimir Lenin efficiently argued for Bolshevism in Russia as the one obtainable "moderate" middle path between bomb-throwing Nihilist terrorists on the ultra-left and a corrupt and hated Czarist autocracy on the appropriate. As Texas politician and humorist Jim Hightower famously declares in an undated quote, "The middle of the road is for yellow lines and dead armadillos." The "F-Bomb" (additionally Cursing; Obscenity; Profanity). An adolescent fallacy of pathos, making an attempt to defend or strengthen one's argument with gratuitous, unrelated sexual, obscene, vulgar, crude or profane language when such language does nothing to make an argument stronger, aside from maybe to create a way of identity with sure younger male "city" audiences. This fallacy also contains adding gratuitous sex scenes or "adult" language to an in any other case unrelated novel or movie, generally simply to avoid the dreaded "G" ranking. Related to this fallacy is the Salacious Fallacy, falsely attracting attention to and thus potential agreement with one's argument by inappropriately sexualizing it, notably connecting it to some form of intercourse that is perceived as deviant, perverted or prohibited (E.g., Arguing against Bill Clinton's presidential legacy by persevering with to wave Monica's Blue Dress, or against Donald Trump's presidency by obsessively highlighting his past boasting about genital groping). Historically, this harmful fallacy was deeply implicated with the crime of lynching, through which false, racist accusations against a Black or minority sufferer have been nearly always salacious in nature and the sensation involved was efficiently used to whip up public emotion to a murderous pitch. See also, Red Herring. The False Analogy: The fallacy of incorrectly comparing one factor to a different so as to attract a false conclusion. E.g., "Identical to an alley cat needs to prowl, a normal adult can’t be tied down to at least one single lover." The other of this fallacy is the Sui Generis Fallacy (additionally, Differance), a postmodern stance that rejects the validity of analogy and of inductive reasoning altogether because any given particular person, place, factor or thought underneath consideration is "sui generis" i.e., totally different and unique, in a class unto itself. Finish the Job: The harmful contemporary fallacy, usually geared toward a lesser-educated or working class audience, that an action or standpoint (or the continuation of that motion or standpoint) might not be questioned or mentioned because there is "a job to be done" or completed, falsely assuming "jobs" are meaningless however by no means to be questioned. Sometimes those involved internalize ("buy into") the "job" and make the task a part of their very own ethos. (E.g., "Ours is not to purpose why / Ours is but to do or die.") Related to that is the "Just a Job" fallacy. (E.g., "How can torturers stand to look at themselves within the mirror? But I assume it's Ok because for them it is just a job like some other, the job that they get paid to do.") See also "Blind Loyalty," "The Soldiers' Honor Fallacy" and the "Argument from Inertia."
The Free Speech Fallacy: The infantile fallacy of responding to challenges to at least one's statements and standpoints by whining, "It is a free nation, is not it? I can say anything I want to!" A contemporary case of this fallacy is the "Safe Space," or "Safe Place," where it is not allowed to refute, problem or even focus on another's beliefs as a result of that might be too uncomfortable or "triggery" for emotionally fragile individuals. E.g., "All I instructed him was, 'Jesus loves the little kids,' but then he turned round and asked me 'But what about beginning defects?' That's mean. I believe I'm going to cry!" Prof. Bill Hart Davidson (2017) notes that "Ironically, essentially the most strident calls for 'safety' come from those who want us to difficulty protections for discredited ideas. Things that science does not support AND that have destroyed lives - issues like the inherent superiority of one race over one other. Those ideas wither beneath demands for evidence. They *are* unwelcome. But let's be clear: they are unwelcome as a result of they have not survived the challenge of scrutiny." Ironically, in contemporary America "free speech" has typically turn out to be shorthand for freedom of racist, offensive or even neo-Nazi expression, ideological trends that once in power usually quash free speech. Additionally, a current (2017) scientific study has found that, in fact, "people think more durable and produce better political arguments when their views are challenged" and never artificially protected with out problem. The fundamental Attribution Error (additionally, Self Justification): A corrupt argument from ethos, this fallacy happens because of observing and comparing conduct. "You assume that the dangerous behavior of others is brought on by character flaws and foul dispositions whereas your habits is explained by the setting. So, for example, I stand up in the morning at 10 a.m. I say it's as a result of my neighbors occasion till 2 in the morning (situation) however I say that the rationale why you do it is that you're lazy. Interestingly, it's more frequent in individualistic societies the place we value self volition. Collectivist societies are inclined to look at the environment more. (It happens there, too, nevertheless it is way much less frequent.)" [Thanks to scholar Joel Sax for this!] The obverse of this fallacy is Self Deprecation (also Self Debasement), the place, out of either a false humility or a genuine lack of vanity, one intentionally places oneself down, most often in hopes of attracting denials, gratifying compliments and praise.

Gaslighting: A just lately-outstanding, vicious fallacy of logic, denying or invalidating an individual's personal data and experiences by deliberately twisting or distorting known details, reminiscences, scenes, occasions and proof with the intention to disorient a weak opponent and to make him or her doubt his/her sanity. E.g., "Who are you going to imagine? Me, or your own eyes?" Or, "You claim you discovered me in mattress together with her? Think again! You're crazy! You severely need to see a shrink." A very common, though merciless instance of Gaslighting that seems to have been notably acquainted among mid-twentieth century generations is the fallacy of Emotional Invalidation, questioning, after the very fact, the reality or "validity" of affective states, both one other's or one's personal. E.g., "Sure, I made it occur from starting to end, however nevertheless it wasn't me doing it, it was just my stupid hormones betraying me." Or, "You didn't actually mean it while you said you 'hate' Mommy. Now take a time-out and you will really feel better." Or, "No, you are not really in love; it's just infatuation or 'pet love.'" The fallacy of "Gaslighting" is named after British playwright Patrick Hamilton's 1938 stage play "Gas Light," also referred to as "Angel Street." See additionally, Blind Loyalty, "The massive Brain/Little Brain Fallacy," The Affective Fallacy, and "Alternative Truth." Guilt by Association: The fallacy of attempting to refute or condemn someone's standpoint, arguments or actions by evoking the destructive ethos of those with whom the speaker is recognized or of a gaggle, celebration, religion or race to which he or she belongs or was as soon as associated with. A form of Ad Hominem Argument, e.g., "Don't take heed to her. She's a Republican so that you cannot belief anything she says," or "Are you or have you ever ever been a member of the Communist Party?" An excessive instance of this is the Machiavellian "For my enemies, nothing" Fallacy, the place real or perceived "enemies" are by definition at all times flawed and should be conceded nothing, not even the time of day, e.g., "He's a Republican, so even when he said the sky is blue I wouldn't believe him." The Half Truth (also Card Stacking, Stacking the Deck, Incomplete Information): A corrupt argument from logos, the fallacy of consciously deciding on, collecting and sharing solely that evidence that helps one's personal standpoint, telling the strict reality however deliberately minimizing or omitting essential key particulars as a way to falsify the larger picture and support a false conclusion.(E.g. "The reality is that Bangladesh is among the world's fastest-rising countries and may boast of a young, bold and laborious-working population, a family-positive culture, a delightful, heat local weather of tropical beaches and swaying palms the place it by no means snows, low value medical and dental care, a vibrant religion tradition and a mess of places of worship, an exquisite, world-class spicy native curry cuisine and a swinging leisure scene. Taken collectively, all these strong info clearly prove that Bangladesh is likely one of the world’s most fascinating places for young households to reside, work and raise a household.") See also, Confirmation Bias. Hero-Busting (additionally, "The right is the Enemy of the great"): A postmodern fallacy of ethos underneath which, since nothing and no one in this world is ideal there are usually not and have by no means been any heroes: Washington and Jefferson held slaves, Lincoln was (by our contemporary requirements) a racist, Karl Marx sexually exploited his family's personal young reside-in domestic worker and got her pregnant, Martin Luther King Jr. had a watch for women too, Lenin condemned feminism, the Mahatma drank his own urine (ugh!), Pope Francis is improper on abortion, capitalism, similar-intercourse marriage and women's ordination, Mother Teresa liked suffering and was flawed on just about every part else too, and so on., and so on Also applies to the now close to-common political tactic of ransacking every thing an opponent has mentioned, written or executed since infancy so as to find something to misinterpret or condemn (and all of us have something!). An early example of this latter tactic is deftly described in Robert Penn Warren's basic (1946) novel, All the King's Men. This is the other of the "Heroes All" fallacy, below. The "Hero Busting" fallacy has additionally been selectively employed at the service of the Identity Fallacy (see below) to falsely "show" that "you cannot belief anyone" however a member of "our" identification-group since everybody else, even the so-referred to as "heroes" or "allies" of different teams, are all racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, or hate "us." E.g., In 1862 Abraham Lincoln said he was willing to settle the U.S. Civil War both with or without freeing the slaves if it could preserve the Union, thus "conclusively proving" that each one whites are viciously racist at heart and that African Americans must do for self and by no means trust any of "them," not even those who declare to be allies. Heroes All (additionally, "Everybody's a Winner"): The contemporary fallacy that everyone seems to be above average or extraordinary. A corrupted argument from pathos (not wanting anyone to lose or to really feel unhealthy). Thus, each member of the Armed Services, past or current, who serves honorably is a nationwide hero, each pupil who competes in the Science Fair wins a ribbon or trophy, and every racer is awarded a winner's yellow jersey. This corruption of the argument from pathos, much ridiculed by disgraced American humorist Garrison Keeler, ignores the fact that if everyone wins nobody wins, and if everybody's a hero nobody's a hero. The logical results of this fallacy is that, as youngsters's writer Alice Childress writes (1973), "A hero ain't nothing however a sandwich." See also the "Soldiers' Honor Fallacy." Hoyle's Fallacy: A fallacy of logos, falsely assuming that a doable event of low (even vanishingly low) probability can by no means have occurred and/or would never happen in real life. E.g., "The likelihood of one thing as advanced as human DNA rising by purely random evolution in the time the earth has existed is so negligible that it is for all practical functions unattainable and must have required divine intervention." Or, "The possibility of a informal, Saturday-night poker participant being dealt four aces off an sincere, shuffled deck is so infinitesimal that it would never occur even as soon as in a normal lifetime! That proves you cheated!" See additionally, Argument from Incredulity. An obverse of Hoyle's Fallacy is "You Can't Win if You don't Play," (additionally, "Someone's gonna win and it'd as properly be YOU!") a common and cruel contemporary fallacy used to steer weak audiences, particularly the poor, the mathematically illiterate and playing addicts to throw their money away on lotteries, horse races, casinos and other lengthy-shot gambling schemes. I Wish I Had a Magic Wand: The fallacy of regretfully (and falsely) proclaiming oneself powerless to alter a nasty or objectionable scenario over which one has power. E.g., "What can we do about gasoline prices? As Secretary of Energy I wish I had a magic wand, however I do not" [shrug] . Or, "No, you cannot give up piano lessons. I want I had a magic wand and could train you piano overnight, but I do not, so prefer it or not, you must carry on practicing." The mother or father, in fact, ignores the possibility that the child may not need or must study piano. See additionally, TINA. The Identity Fallacy (additionally Identity Politics; "Die away, ye previous types and logic!"): A corrupt postmodern argument from ethos, a variant on the Argumentum ad Hominem wherein the validity of one's logic, evidence, experience or arguments relies upon not on their own strength but reasonably on whether the one arguing is a member of a given social class, generation, nationality, religious or ethnic group, color, gender or sexual orientation, profession, occupation or subgroup. On this fallacy, valid opposing proof and arguments are brushed aside or "othered" with out remark or consideration, as merely not worth arguing about solely due to the lack of correct background or ethos of the particular person making the argument, or because the one arguing doesn't self-identify as a member of the "in-group." E.g., "You'd perceive me right away if you happen to had been Burmese however since you are not there is no method I can explain it to you," or "Nobody but another nurse can know what a nurse has to undergo." Identity fallacies are strengthened by common ritual, language, and discourse. However, these fallacies are often self-involved, driven by the egotistical ambitions of lecturers, politicians and would-be group leaders anxious to build their very own careers by carving out a particular identification group constituency to the exclusion of present broader-based identities and management. An Identity Fallacy could result in scorn or rejection of doubtlessly useful allies, actual or potential, because they don't seem to be of 1's own identification. The Identity Fallacy promotes an exclusivist, typically cultish "do for self" philosophy which in immediately's world nearly ensures self-marginalization and ultimate defeat. A recent utility of the Identity Fallacy is the fallacious accusation of "Cultural Appropriation," during which those that are not of the fitting Identity are condemned for "appropriating" the cuisine, clothing, language or music of a marginalized group, forgetting the outdated axiom that "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." Accusations of Cultural Appropriation very often stem from competing egocentric financial interests (E.g., "What right do these p*nche Gringos have to set up a taco place right here on Guadalupe Drive to remove business from Doña Teresa's Taquería? They even dare to play Mexican music of their dining room! That's cultural appropriation!"). See additionally, Othering. Infotainment (also Infortainment; Fake News; InfoWars); A really corrupt and harmful modern media-pushed fallacy that intentionally and knowingly stirs in details, news, falsities and outright lies with entertainment, a mixture often concocted for particular, base ideological and profit-making motives. Origins of this fallacy predate the present era in the type of "Yellow" or "Tabloid" Journalism. This deadly fallacy has brought about infinite social unrest, discontent and even shooting wars (e.g., the Spanish American War) over the course of modern history. Practitioners of this fallacy generally hypocritically justify its use on the basis that their readers/listeners/viewers "know beforehand" (or should know) that the content material provided is not meant as real news and is offered for leisure functions solely, but in fact this caveat isn't observed by uncritical audiences who eagerly swallow what the purveyors put forth. See also Dog-Whistle Politics. The Job's Comforter Fallacy (additionally, "Karma is a bi**h;" "What goes around comes around."): The fallacy that since there isn't a such thing as random likelihood and we (I, my group, or my nation) are underneath particular protection of heaven, any misfortune or natural catastrophe that we endure must be a punishment for our personal or another person's secret sin or open wickedness. The opposite of the Appeal to Heaven, this is the fallacy employed by the Westboro Baptist Church members who protest fallen service members' funerals all across the United States. See additionally, Magical Thinking. Just Do it. (also, "Discover a means;" "I don't care the way you do it;" "Accomplish the mission;" "By Any Means Necessary." ): A pure, abusive Argumentum ad Baculum (argument from force), through which someone in energy arbitrarily waves apart or overrules the ethical objections of subordinates or followers and orders them to accomplish a purpose by any means required, fair or foul The clear implication is that unethical or immoral methods ought to be used. E.g., "You say there isn't any means you can finish the dig on schedule since you found an outdated pioneer gravesite with a fancy tombstone on the excavation site? Well, find a method! Make it disappear! Just do it! I don't want to know how you do it, simply do it! This is one million greenback contract and we'd like it achieved by Tuesday." See also, Plausible Deniability. Just Plain Folks (additionally, "Values"): This corrupt modern argument from ethos argues to a much less-educated or rural audience that the one arguing is "just plain of us" who is a "plain talker," "says what s/he is thinking," "scorns political correctness," someone who "you do not need a dictionary to understand" and who thinks like the viewers and is thus worthy of perception, unlike some member of the fancy-speaking, latte-sipping Left Coast Political Elite, some "double-domed professor," "inside-the-beltway Washington bureaucrat," "tree-hugger" or different despised outsider who "does not think like we do" or "does not share our values." It is a counterpart to the Ad Hominem Fallacy and most frequently carries a distinct reek of xenophobia or racism as properly. See additionally the Plain Truth Fallacy and the Simpleton's Fallacy. The Law of Unintended Consequences (additionally, "Every Revolution Ends up Eating its own Young:" Grit; Resilience Doctrine): On this very harmful, archly pessimistic postmodern fallacy the bogus "Law of Unintended Consequences," as soon as a semi-humorous satirical corollary of "Murphy's Law," is elevated to to the status of an iron legislation of history. This fallacy arbitrarily proclaims a priori that since we will never know everything or securely foresee something, ultimately in as we speak's "complicated world" unforeseeable opposed penalties and unfavorable unwanted side effects (so-called "unknown unknowns") will always end up blindsiding and overwhelming, defeating and vitiating any and all naive "do-gooder" efforts to improve our world. Instead, one must at all times count on defeat and be ready to roll with the punches by creating "grit" or "resilience" as a main survival skill. This nihilist fallacy is a practical negation of the the potential of any legitimate argument from logos. See additionally, TINA. Lying with Statistics: The contemporary fallacy of misusing true figures and numbers to "prove" unrelated claims. (e.g. "In real phrases, attending college has by no means been cheaper than it is now. When expressed as a percentage of the nationwide debt, the price of getting a faculty training is definitely far much less at this time than it was again in 1965!"). A corrupted argument from logos, usually preying on the public's perceived or actual mathematical ignorance. This consists of the Tiny Percentage Fallacy, that an quantity or action that is quite vital in and of itself somehow turns into insignificant simply because it is a tiny percentage of one thing much bigger. E.g., the arbitrary arrest, detention or interception of "only" a few hundred legally-boarded worldwide travelers as a tiny share of the tens of thousands who normally arrive. Under this identical fallacy a shopper who would choke on spending an extra dollar for two cans of peas will sometimes ignore $50 extra on the price of a car or $one thousand further on the price of a house just because these differences are "only" a tiny proportion of the much bigger amount being spent. Historically, sales taxes or value-added taxes (VAT) have successfully gained public acceptance and stay "underneath the radar" because of this latter fallacy, regardless that amounting to a whole lot or hundreds of dollars a 12 months in extra tax burden. See also Half-fact, the Snow Job, and the Red Herring. Magical Thinking (also, the Sin of Presumption; Expect a Miracle!): An historical however deluded fallacy of logos, arguing that relating to "crunch time," offered one has enough faith, prays onerous enough, says the appropriate phrases, does the best rituals, "names it and claims it," or "claims the Promise," God will all the time suspend the laws of the universe and work a miracle at the request of or for the advantage of the True Believer. In observe this nihilist fallacy denies the existence of a rational or predictable universe and thus the opportunity of any valid argument from logic. See also, Positive Thinking, the Appeal to Heaven, and the Job's Comforter fallacy. Mala Fides (Arguing in Bad Faith; also Sophism): Using an argument that the arguer himself or herself knows will not be legitimate. E.g., An unbeliever attacking believers by throwing verses from their own Holy Scriptures at them, or a lawyer arguing for the innocence of somebody whom s/he is aware of full properly to be guilty. This latter is a standard practice in American jurisprudence, and is typically portrayed because the worst face of "Sophism." [Special thanks to Bradley Steffens for pointing out this fallacy!] Included underneath this fallacy is the fallacy of Motivational Truth (additionally, Demagogy, or Campaign Promises), intentionally lying to "the people" to realize their assist or inspire them toward some motion the rhetor perceives to be fascinating (using evil discursive means toward a "good" material finish). A particularly bizarre and corrupt form of this latter fallacy is Self Deception (additionally, Whistling by the Graveyard). in which one intentionally and knowingly deludes oneself in order to achieve a purpose, or maybe merely to suppress anxiety and maintain one's power stage, enthusiasm, morale, peace of mind or sanity in moments of adversity. Measurability: A corrupt argument from logos and ethos (that of science and arithmetic), the modern Fallacy of Measurability proposes that if something can't be measured, quantified and replicated it doesn't exist, or is "nothing but anecdotal, touchy-feely stuff" unworthy of severe consideration, i.e., mere gossip or subjective opinion. Often, achieving "Measurability" essentially demands preselecting, "fiddling" or "massaging" the obtainable knowledge merely as a way to make it statistically tractable, or in an effort to help a desired conclusion. Scholar Thomas Persing thus describes "The modernist fallacy of falsely and inappropriately making use of norms, standardizations, and data level requirements to quantify productiveness or success. That is just like complex question, measurability, and oversimplification fallacies the place the person makes an attempt to categorize complicated / various subjects into phrases that when measured, go well with their place. For instance, the calculation of inflation within the United States does not include the adjustments in the value to gasoline, because the value of gasoline is just too unstable, despite the fact gasoline is necessary for most individuals to dwell their lives in the United States." See additionally, "A Priori Argument," "Lying with Statistics," and the "Procrustean Fallacy." Mind-studying (Also, "The Fallacy of Speculation;" "I can read you want a e book"): An historic fallacy, a corruption of stasis theory, speculating about someone else's ideas, emotions, motivations and "physique language" after which claiming to know these clearly, typically more accurately than the individual in question knows themselves. The rhetor deploys this phony "knowledge" as a fallacious warrant for or towards a given standpoint. Scholar Myron Peto provides for instance the baseless claim that "Obama doesn’t a da** [sic] for human rights." Assertions that "call for speculation" are rightly rejected as fallacious in U.S. judicial proceedings but far too usually move uncontested in public discourse. The alternative of this fallacy is the postmodern fallacy of Mind Blindness (additionally, the Autist's Fallacy), a complete denial of any normal human capability for "Theory of Mind," postulating the utter incommensurability and privacy of minds and thus the impossibility of ever understanding or truly understanding one other's thoughts, feelings, motivations or intents. This fallacy, much promoted by the late postmodernist guru Jacques Derrida, necessarily vitiates any type of Stasis Theory. However, the Fallacy of Mind Blindness has been decisively refuted in a number of studies, including recent (2017) analysis published by the Association for Psychological Science, and a (2017) Derxel University research indicating how "our minds align when we talk." Moral Licensing: The contemporary ethical fallacy that one's consistently moral life, good conduct or recent extreme suffering or sacrifice earns him/her the suitable to commit an immoral act with out repercussions, consequences or punishment. E.g., "I have been good all 12 months, so one bad won't matter," or "After what I've been by, God is aware of I want this." The fallacy of Moral Licensing is also sometimes utilized to nations, e.g., "Those that criticize repression and the Gulag in the former USSR neglect what extraordinary suffering the Russians went by in World War II and the millions upon hundreds of thousands who died." See also Argument from Motives. The other of this fallacy is the (excessively rare in our times) ethical fallacy of Scruples, in which one obsesses to pathological excess about one's unintentional, forgotten, unconfessed or unforgiven sins and because of them, the seemingly inevitable prospect of eternal damnation. Moral Superiority (additionally, Self Righteousness; the Moral High Ground): An ancient, immoral and extremely harmful fallacy, enunciated in Thomistic / Scholastic philosophy in the late Middle Ages, arguing that Evil has no rights that the nice and the Righteous are certain to respect. That approach lies torture, heretic-burning, and the Spanish Inquisition. Those who apply this vicious fallacy reject any "moral equivalency" (i.e., even-handed therapy) between themselves (the Righteous) and their enemies (the Wicked), in opposition to whom anything is truthful, and to whom nothing have to be conceded, not even the suitable to life. This fallacy is a specific denial of the ancient "Golden Rule," and has been the cause of countless intractable battle, since if one is Righteous no negotiation with Evil and its minions is feasible; The one imaginable highway to a "just" peace is thru whole victory, i.e., absolutely the defeat and liquidation of one's Wicked enemies. American folks singer and Nobel Laureate Bob Dylan expertly demolishes this fallacy in his 1963 protest music, "With God on Our Side." See additionally the Appeal to Heaven, and Moving the Goalposts. Mortification (additionally, Live as though You're Dying; Pleasure-hating; No Pain No Gain): An historical fallacy of logos, trying to "beat the flesh into submission" by excessive train or ascetic practices, deliberate starvation or infliction of ache, denying the undeniable incontrovertible fact that discomfort and pain exist for the purpose of warning of lasting damage to the physique. Extreme examples of this fallacy are various types of self-flagellation akin to practiced by the new Mexico "Penitentes" during Holy Week or by Shia devotees during Muharram. More acquainted contemporary manifestations of this fallacy are extreme "insanity" train regimes not supposed for normal well being, fitness or aggressive purposes but just to "toughen" or "punish" the body. Certain pop-nutritional theories and diets appear based on this fallacy as effectively. Some contemporary experts suggest that self-mortification (an English word associated to the Latinate French root "mort," or "dying.") is in fact "suicide on the installment plan." Others counsel that it entails a narcotic-like addiction to the body's natural endorphins. The opposite of this fallacy is the historic fallacy of Hedonism, looking for and valuing physical pleasure as a great in itself, merely for its personal sake. Moving the Goalposts (also, Changing the rules; All's Fair in Love and War; The Nuclear Option; "Winning isn't every thing, it's the one thing"): A fallacy of logos, demanding certain proof or evidence, a sure degree of help or a certain variety of votes to decide a difficulty, and then when this is offered, demanding even more, totally different or better support with a purpose to deny victory to an opponent. For individuals who practice the fallacy of Moral Superiority (above), Moving the Goalposts is usually perceived as completely good and permissible if needed to stop the victory of Wickedness and ensure the triumph of 1's personal facet, i.e, the Righteous. MYOB (Mind Your individual Business; also You are not the Boss of Me; "None of yer beeswax," "So What?", The Appeal to Privacy): The contemporary fallacy of arbitrarily prohibiting or terminating any discussion of 1's personal standpoints or conduct, irrespective of how absurd, harmful, evil or offensive, by drawing a phony curtain of privacy round oneself and one's actions. A corrupt argument from ethos (one's personal). E.g., "Sure, I was doing eighty and weaving between lanes on Mesa Street--what's it to you? You're not a cop, you're not my nanny. It's my business if I want to speed, and your enterprise to get the hell out of my way. Mind your own rattling business!" Or, "Yeah, I killed my child. So what? Butt out! It wasn't your brat, so it's none of your rattling enterprise!" Rational dialogue is minimize off because "it is none of your business!" See additionally, "Taboo." The counterpart of this is "Nobody Will Ever Know," (additionally "What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas;" "I think We're Alone Now," or the heart of Darkness Syndrome) the fallacy that just because nobody vital is wanting (or because one is on vacation, or away in faculty, or overseas) one might freely commit immoral, selfish, adverse or evil acts at will with out anticipating any of the traditional penalties or punishment . Author Joseph Conrad graphically describes this type of ethical degradation within the character of Kurtz in his classic novel, Heart of Darkness. Name-Calling: A wide range of the "Ad Hominem" argument. The harmful fallacy that, simply due to who one is or is alleged to be, any and all arguments, disagreements or objections towards one's standpoint or actions are robotically racist, sexist, anti-Semitic, bigoted, discriminatory or hateful. E.g., "My stand on abortion is the only right one. To disagree with me, argue with me or query my judgment in any means would solely present what a pig you actually are." Also applies to refuting an argument by merely calling it a "fallacy," or declaring it invalid with out proving why it is invalid, or summarily dismissing arguments or opponents by labeling them "racist," "communist," "fascist," "moron," any title followed by the suffix "tard" (short for the highly offensive "retard") or some other unfavorable name without further rationalization. E.g., "He's an a**gap, finish of story" or "I'm a loser." A subset of that is the Newspeak fallacy, creating identification with a sure type of viewers by inventing or utilizing racist or offensive, typically navy-sounding nicknames for opponents or enemies, e.g., "The damned DINO's are even worse than the Repugs and the Neocons." Or, "In the large One it took us solely 5 years to beat both the J*ps and the Jerries, so more than a decade and a half after niner-eleven why is it so onerous for us to beat a raggedy bunch of Hajjis and Towel-heads?" Note that initially the word "Nazi" belonged in this category, however this term has lengthy come into use as a correct English noun. See also, "Reductionism," "Ad Hominem Argument," and "Alphabet Soup." The Narrative Fallacy (additionally, the Fable; the Poster Child) The ancient fallacy of persuasion by telling a "heartwarming" or horrifying story or fable, significantly to less-educated or uncritical audiences who're less likely to grasp purely logical arguments or general ideas. E.g., Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol." Narratives and fables, notably those who name names and personalize arguments, tend to be far more persuasive at a preferred level than different types of argument and are virtually irrefutable, even when the story in question is well known to be completely fictional. This fallacy is discovered even in the sphere of science, as famous by a current (2017) scientific examine. The NIMBY Fallacy (Not in My Back Yard; also "Build a Wall!"; "Lock'em up and throw away the important thing;" The Ostrich Strategy; The Gitmo Solution.). The infantile fallacy that an issue, problem or menace that's not bodily nearby or to which I'm in a roundabout way exposed has for all practical purposes "gone away" and ceased to exist. Thus, a problem could be completely and definitively solved by "making it go away," ideally to someplace "out of sight," a walled-off ghetto or a distant isle where there isn't a information coverage, and the place nobody essential stays. Lacking that, it may be made to go away by simply eliminating, censoring or ignoring "destructive" media protection and public dialogue of the problem and specializing in "constructive, encouraging" issues instead. No Discussion (also No Negotiation; the Control Voice; Peace by way of Strength; a Muscular Foreign Policy; Fascism): A pure Argumentum advert Baculum that rejects reasoned dialogue, offering both instantaneous, unconditional compliance/surrender or defeat/dying as the only two choices for settling even minor variations, e.g., screaming "Get down on the bottom, now!" or declaring "We do not discuss to terrorists." This deadly fallacy falsely paints actual or potential "hostiles" as monsters devoid of all reason, and much too typically accommodates a really strong aspect of "machismo" as well. I.e. "An actual, muscular chief by no means resorts to pantywaist pleading, apologies, excuses, fancy discuss or argument. That's for lawyers, liars and pansies and is nothing however a delaying tactic. A real man stands tall, says what he thinks, attracts quick and shoots to kill." The late actor John Wayne continuously portrayed this fallacy in his film roles. See additionally, The Pout. Non-recognition: A deluded fallacy through which one intentionally chooses to not publicly "acknowledge" floor truth, often on the theory that this might someway reward evil-doers if we recognize their deeds as real or consequential. Often the underlying principle is that the situation is "momentary" and will soon be reversed. E.g., Within the a long time from 1949 till Richard Nixon's presidency the United States officially refused to acknowledge the existence of the most populous nation on earth, the People's Republic of China, as a result of America supported the U.S.-pleasant Republic of China authorities on Taiwan as a substitute and hoped they may somehow return to power on the mainland. Perversely, in 2016 the U.S. President-Elect brought on a significant international flap by chatting with the President of the government on Taiwan, a de facto violation of long-standing American non-recognition of that same regime. More than half a century after the Korean War the U.S. nonetheless refuses to pronounce the title of, or acknowledge (a lot less conduct regular, peaceful negotiations with) a nuclear-armed DPRK (North Korea). A person who practices this fallacy dangers institutionalization (e.g., "I refuse to acknowledge Mom's homicide, 'cuz that'd give the victory to the assassin! I refuse to watch you bury her! Stop! Stop!") however tragically, such behavior is just too frequent in worldwide relations. See also the State Actor Fallacy, Political Correctness, and The Pout. The Non Sequitur: The deluded fallacy of providing proof, reasons or conclusions that haven't any logical connection to the argument at hand (e.g. "The reason I flunked your course is as a result of the U. S. authorities is now putting out purple five-greenback payments! Purple!"). (See additionally Red Herring.) Nothing New Under the Sun (additionally, Uniformitarianism, "Seen all of it before;" "Surprise, surprise;" "Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose."): Fairly uncommon in contemporary discourse, this deeply cynical fallacy, a corruption of the argument from logos, falsely proposes that there shouldn't be and won't ever be any actual novelty in this world. Any argument that there are really "new" concepts or phenomena is judged a priori to be unworthy of serious dialogue and dismissed with a jaded sigh and a wave of the hand as "the standard same old." E.g., "[Sigh!] Idiots! Don't you see that the current inflow of refugees from the Mideast is simply the standard Muslim invasion of Christendom that’s been occurring for 1,400 years?" Or, "Libertarianism is nothing however re-warmed anarchism, which, in turn, is nothing but the historic Antinomian Heresy. Like I instructed you earlier than, there's nothing new underneath the sun!"

Olfactory Rhetoric (also, "The Nose Knows"): A vicious, zoological-level fallacy of pathos through which opponents are marginalized, dehumanized or hated primarily based mostly on their supposed odor, lack of non-public cleanliness, imagined diseases or filth. E. g., "Those demonstrators are demanding something or another but I'll only discuss to them if first they go residence and take a bath!" Or, "I can odor a Jew a block away!" Also applies to demeaning other cultures or nationalities based on their differing cuisines, e.g., "I do not care what they are saying or do, their breath all the time stinks of garlic. And have you ever ever smelled their kitchens?" Olfactory Rhetoric straddles the borderline between a fallacy and a psychopathology. A 2017 examine by Ruhr University Bochum means that olfactory rhetoric does not come up from a easy, automatic physiological reaction to an actual odor, but in truth, strongly is dependent upon one's predetermined reaction or prejudices towards one other, and one's olfactory center "is activated even earlier than we understand an odour." See also, Othering.

Oops! (also, "Oh, I forgot...," "The Judicial Surprise," "The October Surprise,"): A corrupt argument from logos in which toward the decisive end of a dialogue, debate, trial, electoral marketing campaign interval, or choice-making process an opponent suddenly, elaborately and normally sarcastically shams having simply remembered or uncovered some salient reality, argument or proof. E.g., "Oops, I forgot to ask you: You were convicted of this similar offense twice earlier than, weren't you?!" Banned in American judicial argument, this fallacy is simply too widespread in public discourse. Also applies to supposedly "discovering" and sensationally reporting some potentially damning info or proof after which, after the injury has been finished or the decision has been made, quietly declaring, "Oops, I suppose that actually wasn't that significant in any case. Ignore what I stated. Sorry 'bout that!"

Othering (additionally Otherizing, "They don't seem to be Like Us," Stereotyping, Xenophobia, Racism, Prejudice): A badly corrupted, discriminatory argument from ethos the place details, arguments, experiences or objections are arbitrarily disregarded, ignored or put down without serious consideration because those involved "are usually not like us," or "do not assume like us." E.g., "It's Ok for Mexicans to earn a buck an hour within the maquiladoras [Mexico-primarily based "Twin Plants" run by American or other foreign companies]. If it happened here I'd name it brutal exploitation and daylight robbery however south of the border, down Mexico means the economic system is different and they don't seem to be like us." Or, "You declare that life have to be actually horrible over there for terrorists to ever consider blowing themselves up with suicide vests simply to make some extent, but always remember that they are totally different from us. They don't assume about life and death the identical means we do." A vicious number of the Ad Hominem Fallacy, most often applied to non-white or non-Christian populations. A variation on this fallacy is the "Speakee" Fallacy ("You speakee da English?"; additionally the Shibboleth), wherein an opponent's arguments are mocked, ridiculed and dismissed solely because of the speaker's alleged or actual accent, dialect, or lack of fluency in commonplace English, e.g., "He advised me 'Vee vorkers need to type a younion!' but I informed him I'm not a 'vorker,' and to come back back when he learns to talk correct English." A very dangerous, excessive example of Othering is Dehumanization, a fallacy of faulty analogy where opponents are dismissed as mere cockroaches, lice, apes, monkeys, rats, weasels or bloodsucking parasites who don't have any proper to speak or to live at all, and probably should be "squashed like bugs." This fallacy is finally the "logic" behind ethnic cleansing, genocide and gas ovens. See additionally the Identity Fallacy, "Name Calling" and "Olfactory Rhetoric." The alternative of this fallacy is the "Pollyanna Principle" beneath.

Overexplanation: A fallacy of logos stemming from the real paradox that past a certain level, extra clarification, directions, information, discussion, proof or proof inevitably ends in much less, no more, understanding. Contemporary urban mythology holds that this fallacy is typically male ("Mansplaining"), while barely half a century ago the prevailing myth was that it was men who were naturally monosyllabic, grunting or non-verbal whereas women would sometimes overexplain (e.g., the 1960 hit song by Joe Jones, "You Talk Too much"). "Mansplaining" is, in response to scholar Danelle Pecht, "the infuriating tendency of many males to at all times must be the smartest individual in the room, regardless of the subject of dialogue and the way much they actually know!" See also The Snow Job, and the "Plain Truth" fallacy.

Overgeneralization (additionally Hasty Generalization; Totus professional Partes Fallacy; the Merological Fallacy): A fallacy of logos where a broad generalization that is agreed to be true is obtainable as overriding all particular circumstances, notably special instances requiring fast attention. E.g., "Doctor, you say that this time of yr a flu vaccination is important. but I might counter that each one vaccinations are important" (implying that I'm not going to give particular attention to getting the flu shot). Or, trying to refute "Black Lives Matter" by replying, "All Lives Matter," the latter undeniably true however nonetheless a fallacious overgeneralization in that particular and pressing context. " Overgeneralization may also mean one sees a single unfavorable consequence as an eternal pattern of defeat. Overgeneralization might also include the the Pars professional Toto Fallacy, the stupid however widespread fallacy of incorrectly applying one or two true examples to all cases. E.g., a minority person who commits a particularly horrifying crime, and whose example is then used to smear the repute of all the group, or when a authorities publishes particular lists of crimes committed by teams who're alleged to be hated, e.g., Jews, or undocumented immigrants. Famously, the case of one Willie Horton was efficiently used on this manner within the 1988 American presidential election to smear African Americans, Liberals, and by extension, Democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. See additionally the fallacy of "Zero Tolerance" below. The Paralysis of Analysis (also, Procrastination; the Nirvana Fallacy): A postmodern fallacy that since all knowledge is rarely in, any conclusion is always provisional, no official decision can ever be made and any action ought to at all times be delayed till compelled by circumstances. A corruption of the argument from logos. (See also the "Law of Unintended Consequences.") The Passive Voice Fallacy (also, the Bureaucratic Passive): A fallacy from ethos, concealing lively human company behind the curtain of the grammatical passive voice, e.g., "It has been determined that you are to be let go," arrogating an ethos of cosmic infallibility and inevitability to a very fallible conscious decision made by identifiable, fallible and probably culpable human beings. Scholar Jackson Katz notes (2017): "We talk about how many girls had been raped final 12 months, not about what number of males raped girls. We speak about what number of women in a faculty district were harassed last 12 months, not about how many boys harassed ladies. We discuss how many teenage ladies within the state of Vermont obtained pregnant final year, quite than how many males and boys impregnated teenage women. ... So you may see how the use of the passive voice has a political effect. [It] shifts the main target off of men and boys and onto girls and women. Even the time period 'Violence in opposition to women' is problematic. It's a passive development; there is not any active agent within the sentence. It's a nasty factor that occurs to women, however whenever you look at the term 'violence towards girls' no person is doing it to them, it simply occurs to them... Men aren't even part of it." See also, Political Correctness. An obverse of the Passive Voice Fallacy is the Be-verb Fallacy, a cultish linguistic principle and the bane of many a first-yr composition pupil's life, alleging that an extraordinary diploma of "readability," "sanity," or textual "liveliness" might be reached by strictly eliminating all passive verb types and all forms of the verb "to be" from English-language writing. This odd but unproven contention, courting again to Alfred Korzybski's "General Semantics" self-improvement motion of the 1920's and '30's via S. I. Hayakawa, blithely ignores the truth that though numerous main world languages lack a ubiquitous "be-verb," e.g., Russian, Hindi and Arabic, speakers of those languages, like English-talking General Semantics devotees themselves, have by no means been proven to take pleasure in any explicit cognitive advantage over atypical everyday users of the passive voice and the verb "to be." Nor have writers of the curiously stilted English that results from applying this fallacy achieved any particular success in academia, skilled or technical writing, or in the popular domain. Paternalism: A critical fallacy of ethos, arbitrarily tut-tutting, dismissing or ignoring another's arguments or issues as "childish" or "immature;" taking a condescending perspective of superiority toward opposing standpoints or toward opponents themselves. E.g., "Your argument towards the battle is so infantile. Try approaching the difficulty like an adult for a change," "I don't argue with children," or "Somebody has to be the grownup in the room, and it might as well be me. Here's why you're improper..." Also refers back to the sexist fallacy of dismissing a woman's argument as a result of she is a lady, e.g., "Oh, it should be that time of the month, eh?" See also "Ad Hominem Argument" and "Tone Policing." Personalizaion: A deluded fallacy of ethos, seeing your self or someone else because the important trigger of some exterior occasion for which you or the other particular person had no duty. E.g., "Never fails! It had to occur! It's my ordinary rotten luck that the biggest blizzard of the year had to occur simply on the day of our winter festival. If it wasn't for ME being involved I'm certain the blizzard wouldn't have occurred!" This fallacy will also be taken in a constructive sense, e.g. Hitler evidently believed that simply because he was Hitler every bullet would miss him and no explosive might touch him. "Personalization" straddles the borderline between a fallacy and a psychopathology. See also, "The Job's Comforter Fallacy," and "Magical Thinking." The Plain Truth Fallacy; (also, the easy Truth fallacy, Salience Bias, the KISS Principle [Keep it Short and Simple / Keep it Simple, Stupid], the Monocausal Fallacy; the Executive Summary): A fallacy of logos favoring acquainted, singular, summarized or simply comprehensible data, examples, explanations and proof over those that are more complicated and unfamiliar but much nearer to the reality. E.g., "Ooooh, look in any respect these equations and formulation! Just boil it right down to the simple Truth," or "I don't want your damned philosophy lesson! Just tell me the Plain Truth about why this is happening." A more refined version of this fallacy arbitrarily proposes, as did 18th century Scottish rhetorician John Campbell, that the truth is always easy by nature and solely malicious enemies of Truth would ever seek to make it sophisticated. (See additionally, The Snow Job, and Overexplanation.) The alternative of that is the postmodern fallacy of Ineffability or Complexity (additionally, Truthiness; Post-Truth),, arbitrarily declaring that as we speak's world is so advanced that there isn't a truth, or that Truth (capital-T), if certainly such a thing exists, is unknowable except maybe by God or the Messiah and is thus endlessly inaccessible and irrelevant to us mere mortals, making any cogent argument from logos unattainable. See also the big Lie, and Paralysis of Analysis. Plausible Deniability: A vicious fallacy of ethos beneath which somebody in energy forces these underneath his or her control to do some questionable or evil act and to then falsely assume or conceal accountability for that act in order to protect the ethos of the one in command. E.g., "Arrange a fatal accident however make sure I know nothing about it!" Playing on Emotion (also, the Sob Story; the Pathetic Fallacy; the "Bleeding Heart" fallacy, the Drama Queen / Drama King Fallacy): The traditional fallacy of pure argument from pathos, ignoring facts and evoking emotion alone. E.g., "If you don’t agree that witchcraft is a significant downside just shut up, close your eyes for a moment and picture in your mind all those poor mothers crying bitter tears for their innocent tiny youngsters whose cozy little beds and happy tricycles lie all chilly and abandoned, just due to these wicked old witches! Let's string’em all up!" The other of this is the Apathetic Fallacy (additionally, Cynicism; Burnout; Compassion Fatigue), where any and all reputable arguments from pathos are brushed apart as a result of, as famous country music artist Jo Dee Messina sang (2005), "My give-a-damn's busted." Obverse to Playing on Emotion is the historic fallacy of Refinement ("Real Feelings"), where certain courses of residing beings corresponding to plants and non-domesticated animals, infants, babies and minor kids, barbarians, slaves, deep-sea sailors, farmworkers, criminals and convicts, refugees, addicts, terrorists, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, the poor, individuals of coloration, "Hillbillies," "Hobos," homeless or undocumented people, or "the decrease lessons" in general are deemed incapable of experiencing real pain like we do, or of having any "actual feelings" in any respect, solely brutish appetites, vile lusts, evil drives, filthy cravings, biological instincts, psychological reflexes and computerized tropisms. Noted rhetorician Kenneth Burke falls into this final, behaviorist fallacy in his otherwise good (1966) Language as Symbolic Action, in his dialogue of a chicken trapped in a lecture room. See additionally, Othering.

Political Correctness ("Pc"): A postmodern fallacy, a counterpart of the "Name Calling" fallacy, supposing that the character of a factor or situation could be changed by simply changing its name. E.g., "Today we strike a blow for animal rights and in opposition to cruelty to animals by altering the name of ‘pets’ to ‘animal companions.’" Or "Never, ever play the 'sufferer' card, because it is so manipulative and sounds so detrimental, helpless and despairing. Instead of being 'victims,' we're proud to be 'survivors.'" (In fact, when "victims" disappear then perpetrators conveniently vanish as effectively!) See also, The Passive Voice Fallacy, and The Scripted Message. Also applies to other types of political "Language Control," e.g., being careful never to confer with North Korea or ISIS/ISIL by their slightly pompous correct names ("the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" and "the Islamic State," respectively) or to the Syrian authorities as the "Syrian authorities," (It's always the "Regime" or the "Dictatorship."). Occasionally the fallacy of "Political Correctness" is falsely confused with easy courtesy, e.g., "I'm sick and bored with the tyranny of Political Correctness, having to observe my words on a regular basis--I wish to be free to speak my mind and to call out a N----- or a Queer in public any time I damn properly feel like it!" See also, Non-recognition. An reverse of this fallacy is the fallacy of Venting, below. The Pollyanna Principle (also, "The Projection Bias," "They're Identical to Us," "Singing 'Kumbaya.'"): A traditional, usually tragic fallacy of ethos, that of routinely (and falsely) assuming that everybody else in any given place, time and circumstance had or has mainly the same (positive) wishes, wishes, interests, concerns, ethics and moral code as "we" do. This fallacy virtually if not theoretically denies both the reality of difference and the human capability to selected radical evil. E.g., arguing that "The only factor most Nazi Storm Troopers wished was the same thing we do, to live in peace and prosperity and to have an excellent family life," when the reality was radically in any other case. Dr. William Lorimer presents this explanation: "The Projection Bias is the flip aspect of the 'They don't seem to be Like Us' [Othering] fallacy. The Projection bias (fallacy) is 'They're just folks like me, subsequently they have to be motivated by the same issues that inspire me.' For example: 'I'd by no means pull a gun and shoot a police officer unless I used to be satisfied he was trying to homicide me; therefore, when Joe Smith shot a police officer, he will need to have been in genuine concern for his life.' I see the identical fallacy with regard to Israel: 'The individuals of Gaza just wish to be left in peace; due to this fact, if Israel would just carry the blockade and allow Hamas to import anything they need, without restriction, they'd stop firing rockets at Israel.' That will or will not be true - I personally do not consider it - however the argument clearly presumes that the folks of Gaza, or not less than their leaders, are motivated by a desire for peaceful co-existence." The Pollyanna Principle was gently but expertly demolished within the classic twentieth-century American animated cartoon sequence, "The Flintstones," during which the humor lay within the absurdity of picturing "Stone Age" characters having the same issues, values and lifestyles as mid-twentieth century white working class Americans. This is the other of the Othering fallacy. (Note: The Pollyanna Principle fallacy should not be confused with a psychological precept of the same title which observes that constructive recollections are normally retained extra strongly than adverse ones. ) The Positive Thinking Fallacy: An immensely widespread but deluded trendy fallacy of logos, that because we are "pondering positively" that in itself somehow biases exterior, objective actuality in our favor even earlier than we lift a finger to act. See additionally, Magical Thinking. Note that this explicit fallacy is often a part of a a lot wider closed-minded, somewhat cultish ideology where the practitioner is warned towards taking note of to and even acknowledging the reality of evil, or of "adverse" evidence or counter-arguments against his/her standpoints. Within the latter case rational dialogue, argument or refutation is most often futile. See also, Deliberate Ignorance. The Post Hoc Argument: (additionally, "Post Hoc Propter Hoc;" "Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc;" "A lot of a coincidence," the "Clustering Illusion"): The classic paranoiac fallacy of attributing an imaginary causality to random coincidences, concluding that simply because one thing occurs near, at the identical time as, or just after something else, the first thing is attributable to the second. E.g., "AIDS first emerged as a epidemic again in the exact same period when Disco music was becoming widespread--that is a lot of a coincidence: It proves that Disco brought on AIDS!" Correlation doesn't equal causation. The Pout (also The Silent Treatment; Nonviolent Civil Disobedience; Noncooperation): An usually-infantile Argumentum advert Baculum that arbitrarily rejects or gives up on dialogue earlier than it's concluded. The most benign nonviolent type of this fallacy is found in passive-aggressive tactics reminiscent of slowdowns, boycotts, lockouts, sitdowns and strikes. Under President Barack Obama the United States lastly ended a half-century lengthy political Pout with Cuba. See also "No Discussion" and "Nonrecognition." The Procrustean Fallacy (also, "Keeping up Standards," Standardization, Uniformity, Fordism). The modernist fallacy of falsely and inappropriately applying the norms and necessities of standardized manufacturing. high quality management and inflexible scheduling, or of army self-discipline to inherently various free human beings, their lives, education, habits, clothes and look. This fallacy typically seems to stem from the pathological need of somebody in energy to place in "order" their disturbingly free, messy and disordered universe by proscribing others' freedom and insisting on rigid standardization, alphabetization, discipline, uniformity and "goal" assessment of everyone under their power. This fallacy partially explains why marching in straight traces, mass calisthenics, goose-stepping, drum-and-bugle or flag corps, standing at attention, saluting, uniforms, and standardized categorization are so typical of fascism, tyrannical regimes, and of tyrants petty and grand in every single place. Because of creator Eimar O'Duffy for identifying this fallacy! Prosopology (additionally, Prosopography, Reciting the Litany; "Tell Me, What Were Their Names?"; Reading the Roll of Martyrs): An historic fallacy of pathos and ethos, publicly reading out loud, singing, or inscribing at length a listing of names (most or all of which can be unknown to the reader or viewers), sometimes in a unfavorable sense, to underline the gravity of a past tragedy or mass-casualty event, generally in a positive sense, to emphasize the historical historic continuity of a church, organization or trigger. Proper names, particularly if they are from the same culture or language group as the viewers, can have close to-mystical persuasive power. In some instances, those that use this fallacy in its contemporary type will defend it as an try to "personalize" an in any other case nameless latest mass tragedy. This fallacy was virtually unknown in secular American affairs earlier than about one hundred years in the past, when the customized emerged of itemizing of the names of local World War I casualties on community monuments around the country. That that is certainly a fallacy is evident by the truth that the names on these century-previous monuments are actually significant solely to genealogists and specialized historians, just as the names on the Vietnam War Memorial in Washington or the names of those that perished on 9/11 will surely be in another a number of generations. The Red Herring (additionally, Distraction): An irrelevant argument, attempting to mislead and distract an audience by bringing up an unrelated but emotionally loaded situation. E.g., "In regard to my a number of bankruptcies and recent indictment for corruption let’s be straight up about what’s really vital: Terrorism! Just have a look at what occurred last week in [title the place]. Vote for me and I'll combat these terrorists wherever on this planet!" Also applies to raising unrelated issues as falsely opposing the issue at hand, e.g., "You say 'Black Lives Matter,' but I'd reasonably say 'Climate Change Matters!'" when the 2 contentions are on no account opposed, solely competing for attention. See also Availability Bias, and Dog Whistle Politics. Reductio advert Hitlerum (or, advert Hitleram): A extremely problematic contemporary historical-revisionist contention that the argument "That's simply what Hitler mentioned (or would have stated, or would have carried out)" is a fallacy, an occasion of the Ad Hominem argument and/or Guilt by Association. Whether the Reductio ad Hitlerum might be thought of an precise fallacy or not seems to fundamentally depend upon one's private view of Hitler and the gravity of his crimes.

Reductionism: (also, Oversimplifying, Sloganeering): The fallacy of deceiving an audience by giving easy solutions or bumper-sticker slogans in response to complex questions, particularly when interesting to less educated or unsophisticated audiences. E.g., "If the glove doesn’t fit, you will need to vote to acquit." Or, "Vote for Snith. He'll deliver again jobs!" In science, know-how, engineering and mathematics ("STEM subjects") reductionism is intentionally practiced to make intractable problems computable, e.g., the effectively-identified humorous suggestion, "First, let's assume the cow is a sphere!". See also, the Plain Truth Fallacy, and Dog-whistle Politics.

Reifying (also, Mistaking the Map for the Territory): The historical fallacy of treating imaginary intellectual categories, schemata or names as precise, material "things." (E.g., "The War towards Terror is just another chapter within the eternal combat to the demise between Freedom and Absolute Evil!") Sometimes also known as "Essentializing" or "Hypostatization." The Romantic Rebel (also, the Truthdig / Truthout Fallacy; the Brave Heretic; Conspiracy theories; the Iconoclastic Fallacy): The contemporary fallacy of claiming Truth or validity for one's standpoint solely or primarily because one is supposedly standing up heroically to the dominant "orthodoxy," the current Standard Model, conventional knowledge or Political Correctness, or whatever could be the Bandwagon of the second; a corrupt argument from ethos. E.g., "Back within the day the scientific establishment thought that the world was flat, that was until Columbus proved them incorrect! Now they need us to believe that atypical water is nothing however H2O. Are you going to consider them? The federal government is frantically making an attempt to suppress the reality that our public drinking-water provide truly has nitrogen in it and causes congenital vampirism! And what about Area 51? Don't you care? Or are you only a kiss-up for the corrupt scientific institution?" The opposite of the Bandwagon fallacy. The "Save the Children" Fallacy (additionally, Humanitarian Crisis): A cruel and cynical contemporary media-pushed fallacy of pathos, an instance of the fallacious Appeal to Pity, attracting public support for intervention in anyone else's crisis in a distant nation by repeatedly exhibiting in gross element the extreme (real) suffering of the innocent, defenseless little children (sometimes prolonged even to their pets!) on "our" side, conveniently ignoring the truth that innocent children on all sides often endure essentially the most in any war, conflict, famine or disaster. Recent (2017) examples include the so-known as "Rohingya" in Myanmar/Burma (ignoring multiple other ethnicities suffering ongoing hunger and conflict in that impoverished country), youngsters in rebel-held areas of Syria (areas held by our rebels, not by the Syrian authorities or by Islamic State rebels), and the kids of Mediterranean boat-individuals (gentle complected kids from the Mideast, Afghanistan and North Africa, but not darker, African-complected kids from sub-Saharan international locations, kids who're evidently deemed by the media to be far much less worthy of pity). Scholar Glen Greenwald points out that a cynical key part of this tactic is hiding the little one and adult victims of one's personal violence while "milking" the tragic, blood-soaked photos of kids killed by the "different aspect" for every tear they will generate as a causus belli [a puffed-up excuse for war, conflict or American/Western intervention]. Scapegoating (also, Blamecasting): The ancient fallacy that each time one thing goes flawed there's always someone aside from oneself to blame. Although sometimes this fallacy is a sensible denial of randomness or probability itself, at this time it is extra typically a mere insurance-pushed business choice ("I don't care if it was an accident! Somebody with deep pockets is gonna pay for this!"), though usually scapegoating is no more than a cynical ploy to shield those really responsible from blame. The term "Scapegoating" is also used to discuss with the tactic of casting collective blame on marginalized or scorned "Others," e.g., "The Jews are to blame!" A particularly corrupt and cynical example of scapegoating is the fallacy of Blaming the Victim, during which one falsely casts the blame for one's own evil or questionable actions on these affected, e.g., "If you progress an eyelash I'll must kill you and you'll be to blame!" "If you don't bow to our calls for we'll shut down the federal government and it will be totally YOUR fault!" or "You bi**h, you acted flirty and made me rape you! You then snitched on me to the cops and let them accumulate a rape kit on you, and now I will prison and each bit of it's your fault!" See additionally, the Affective Fallacy. Scare Tactics (additionally Appeal to Fear; Paranoia; the Bogeyman Fallacy; Shock Doctrine [ShockDoc]; Rally 'Round the Flag; Rally 'Round the President): Quite a lot of Playing on Emotions, a corrupted argument from pathos, profiting from a emergent or deliberately-created crisis and its related public shock, panic and chaos in order to impose an argument, action or answer that could be clearly unacceptable if rigorously thought of. E.g., "If you don't shut up and do what I say we're all gonna die! In this second of disaster we won't afford the luxury of criticizing or making an attempt to second-guess my decisions when our very lives and freedom are in peril! Instead, we need to be united as one!" Or, within the (2017) words of former White House Spokesperson Sean Spicer, "This is about the safety of America!" This fallacy is discussed at size in Naomi Klein's (2010) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism and her (2017) No will not be Enough: Resisting Trump's Shock Politics and Winning the World We want. See additionally, The Shopping Hungry Fallacy, Dog-Whistle Politics, "We Have to do Something!", and The Worst Case Fallacy. "Scoring" (also, Moving the Ball Down the sphere, the Sports World Fallacy; "Hey, Sports Fans!"): An instance of defective analogy, the frequent contemporary fallacy of inappropriately and most frequently offensively applying sports activities, gaming, searching or different recreational imagery to unrelated areas of life, equivalent to battle or intimacy. E.g., "Nope, I have not scored with Francis yet, but final night time I managed to get to third base!" or "We actually must take our ground recreation into Kim's half of the sphere if we ever expect to score towards North Korea." This fallacy is nearly at all times soaked in testosterone and machismo. An related fallacy is that of Evening up the Score (also, Getting Even), exacting tit-for-tat vengeance as though life have been some type of "level-score" sports activities contest. Counter-arguments to the "Scoring" fallacy normally fall on deaf ears, because the one and solely purpose for taking part in a game is to "rating," isn't it? The Scripted Message (additionally, Talking Points): A contemporary fallacy associated to Big Lie Technique, where a politician or public figure strictly limits her/his statements on a given difficulty to repeating fastidiously scripted, typically exaggerated or empty phrases developed to attain maximum acceptance or most desired response from a target audience. See also, Dog Whistle Politics, and Political Correctness, above. The other of this fallacy is that of "Venting." Sending the Wrong Message: A harmful fallacy of logos that attacks a given statement, argument or motion, no matter how good, true or obligatory, as a result of it would "send the mistaken message." In effect, those who use this fallacy are openly confessing to fraud and admitting that the truth will destroy the fragile net of illusion they've deliberately created by their lies. E.g., "Actually, we have not a clue about find out how to deal with this crisis, but when we publicly admit it we'll be sending the improper message." See additionally, "Mala Fides."

Shifting the Burden of Proof: A basic fallacy of logos that challenges an opponent to disprove a declare relatively than asking the person making the declare to defend his/her personal argument. E.g., "Lately area-aliens are in all places amongst us, masquerading as true humans, even right here on campus! I dare you to show it is not so! See? You can't! You admit it! Which means what I say needs to be true. Most likely, you are one among them, since you seem to be so comfortable on space-aliens!" A typical tactic in utilizing this fallacy is first to get an opponent to admit that a far-fetched declare, or some reality associated to it, is indeed a minimum of theoretically "attainable," and then declare the declare "proven" absent proof to the contrary. E.g., "So that you admit that large undetected voter fraud is indeed doable beneath our present system, and will have happened in this nation a minimum of in idea, and you can't produce even the tiniest scintilla of evidence that it did not really happen! Ha-ha! I rest my case." See additionally, Argument from Ignorance. The Shopping Hungry Fallacy: A fallacy of pathos, a wide range of Playing on Emotions and generally Scare Tactics, making silly but essential selections (or being prompted, manipulated or pressured to "freely" take public or personal selections which may be later regretted however are troublesome to reverse) "in the heat of the moment" when underneath the influence of strong emotion (starvation, worry, lust, anger, sadness, remorse, fatigue, even joy, love or happiness). E.g., Trevor Noah, (2016) host of the Daily Show on American tv attributes public approval of draconian measures within the Patriot Act and the creation of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security to America's "purchasing hungry" immediately after 9/11. See additionally, Scare Tactics; "We Need to Do Something;" and The large "But" Fallacy. The Silent Majority Fallacy: A variety of the argument from ignorance, this fallacy, famously enunciated by disgraced American President Richard Nixon, alleges particular knowledge of a hidden "silent majority" of voters (or of the population normally) that stands in assist of an otherwise unpopular leader and his/her policies, opposite to the repeated findings of polls, surveys and common vote totals. In an extreme case the chief arrogates to him/herself the title of the "Voice of the Voiceless." The Simpleton's Fallacy: (Or, The "Good Simpleton" Fallacy): A corrupt fallacy of logos, described in an undated quote from science writer Isaac Asimov as "The false notion that democracy implies that 'my ignorance is just nearly as good as your knowledge.'" The name of this fallacy is borrowed from Walter M. Miller Jr.'s classic (1960) publish-apocalyptic novel, A Canticle for Leibowitz, wherein in the centuries after a nuclear holocaust knowledge and learning become so despised that "Good Simpleton" becomes the usual form of interpersonal salutation. This fallacy is masterfully portrayed within the person of the title character in the 1994 Hollywood movie, "Forrest Gump." The fallacy is extensively alleged to have had an incredible deal to do with the result of the 2016 US presidential election, See additionally "Just Plain Folks," and the "Plain Truth Fallacy." U.S. President Barrack Obama famous to the opposite (2016), "In politics and in life, ignorance will not be a advantage. It isn't cool to not know what you're talking about. That's not real or telling it like it is. That's not difficult political correctness. That's just not understanding what you're speaking about." The time period "Simpleton's Fallacy" has additionally been used to refer to a misleading strategy of argumentation, feigning ignorance with a view to get one's opponent to admit to, clarify or overexplain one thing s/he would slightly not talk about. E.g., "I see right here that you've a associated prior conviction for something known as 'Criminal Sodomy.' I could also be a poor, naive simpleton but I'm not quite sure what that tremendous and fancy lawyer-speak means in plain English. Please clarify to the jury in simple terms what exactly you did to get convicted of that crime." See also, Argument from Ignorance, and The Third Person Effect. The Slippery Slope (also, the Domino Theory): The common fallacy that "one factor inevitably leads to another." E.g., "In the event you two go and drink espresso together one factor will lead to a different and next thing you realize you will be pregnant and find yourself spending your life on welfare residing in the Projects," or "If we close Gitmo one thing will lead to a different and before you understand it armed terrorists will be strolling via our church doors with suicide belts, proud as you please, smack in the midst of the 10:30 a.m. Sunday worship service proper right here in Garfield, Kansas!"

The Snow Job (additionally Falacia ad Verbosium; Information Bias): A fallacy of logos, "proving" a declare by overwhelming an viewers ("snowing them beneath") with mountains of true but marginally-related documents, graphs, words, information, numbers, data and statistics that look extremely impressive however which the supposed audience can't be expected to understand or properly evaluate. This is a corrupted argument from logos. See also, "Lying with Statistics." The alternative of this fallacy is the Plain Truth Fallacy. The Soldiers' Honor Fallacy: The ancient fallacy that every one who wore a uniform, fought onerous and adopted orders are worthy of some particular honor or glory or are even "heroes," whether or not they fought for freedom or fought to defend slavery, marched underneath Grant or Lee, Hitler, Stalin, Eisenhower or McArthur, fought to defend their homes, fought for oil or to unfold empire, and even fought towards and killed U.S. soldiers! A corrupt argument from ethos (that of a soldier), carefully related to the "Finish the Job" fallacy ("Sure, he died for a lie, but he deserves honor as a result of he adopted orders and did his job faithfully to the tip!"). See also "Heroes All." This fallacy was recognized and decisively refuted on the Nuremburg Trials after World War II but stays powerful to today nonetheless. See also "Blind Loyalty." Related is the State Actor Fallacy, that those who combat and die for their country (America, Russia, Iran, the Third Reich, and many others.) are worthy of honor or at the very least pardonable whereas those that struggle for a non-state actor (armed abolitionists, guerrillas, freedom-fighters, jihadis, mujahideen) usually are not and remain "terrorists" irrespective of how noble or vile their cause, till or until they win and grow to be the acknowledged state, or are adopted by a state after the very fact. The usual Version Fallacy: The historic fallacy, a discursive Argumentum ad Baculum, of selecting a "Standard Translation" or "Authorized Version" of an ancient or sacred textual content and arbitrarily declaring it "correct" and "authoritative," necessarily eliminating much of the poetry and underlying that means of the unique but conveniently quashing any further discussion in regards to the meaning of the original text, e.g., the Vulgate or The King James Version. The easily demonstrable indisputable fact that translation (beyond three or four phrases) is neither uniform nor reversible (i.e., by no means comes back exactly the same when retranslated from another language) offers the lie to any efforts to make translation of human languages into a precise science. Islam clearly acknowledges this fallacy when characterizing any try and translate the sacred textual content of the Holy Qur'an out of the unique Arabic as a "paraphrase" at best. An obverse of this fallacy is the Argumentum advert Mysteriam, above. An extension of the standard Version Fallacy is the Monolingual Fallacy, at a tutorial level the fallacy of ignorantly assuming (as a monolingual particular person) that clear, in-depth translation between languages is the norm, or even possible in any respect, allowing one to conveniently and falsely ignore everyday issues of translation when shut-reading translated literature or academic text and theory. At the popular level the Monolingual Fallacy allows monolinguals to blithely demand that guests, migrants, refugees and newcomers study English, both before arriving or else in a single day after arrival in the United States, whereas making use of no such demand to themselves once they go to Asia, Europe, Latin America, or even French-speaking areas of Canada. Not not often, this fallacy descends into gross racism or ethnic discrimination, e.g., the demagogy of warning of "Spanish being spoken proper right here on Main Street and taco trucks on every nook!" See additionally, Othering, and Dog-Whistle Politics. Star Power (additionally Testimonial, Questionable Authority, Faulty Use of Authority, Falacia advert Vericundiam; Eminence-primarily based Practice): In academia and medication, a corrupt argument from ethos during which arguments, standpoints and themes of professional discourse are granted fame and validity or condemned to obscurity solely by whoever may be the reigning "stars" or "premier journals" of the career or discipline in the mean time. E.g., "Foster's take on Network Theory has been completely criticized and is so last-week!.This week everybody's into Safe Spaces and Pierce's Theory of Microaggressions. Get with this system." (See additionally, the Bandwagon.) Also applies to an obsession with journal Impact Factors. At the favored degree this fallacy also refers to a corrupt argument from ethos through which public help for a standpoint or product is established by a widely known or revered determine (i.e.,. a star athlete or entertainer) who is just not an skilled and who might have been well paid to make the endorsement (e.g., "Olympic gold-medal pole-vaulter Fulano de Tal makes use of Quick Flush Internet--Shouldn’t you?" Or, "My favorite rock star warns that vaccinations spread cooties, so I'm not vaccinating my children!" ). Includes different false, meaningless or paid means of associating oneself or one’s product or standpoint with the ethos of a famous individual or event (e.g., "Try Salsa Cabria, the official taco sauce of the Winter Olympics!"). This fallacy additionally covers Faulty use of Quotes (also, The Devil Quotes Scripture), together with quoting out of context or against the clear intent of the original speaker or creator. E.g., racists quoting and twisting the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s statements in favor of racial equality towards contemporary activists and movements for racial equality. The Straw Man (additionally "The Straw Person" ""The Straw Figure"): The fallacy of setting up a phony, weak, excessive or ridiculous parody of an opponent's argument after which proceeding to knock it down or cut back it to absurdity with a rhetorical wave of the hand. E.g., "Vegetarians say animals have emotions like you and me. Ever seen a cow laugh at a Shakespeare comedy? Vegetarianism is nonsense!" Or, "Pro-choicers hate infants and want to kill them!" Or, "Pro-lifers hate girls and wish them to spend their lives barefoot, pregnant and chained to the kitchen stove!" A too-widespread instance of this fallacy is that of highlighting essentially the most absurd, offensive, foolish or violent examples in a mass movement or demonstration, e.g. "Tree huggers" for environmentalists, "bra burners" for feminists, or "rioters" when there are a dozen violent crazies in a peaceful, disciplined demonstration of thousands or tens of hundreds, after which falsely portraying these excessive examples as typical of your entire motion to be able to condemn it with a wave of the hand. See also Olfactory Rhetoric. The Taboo (additionally, Dogmatism):: The historical fallacy of unilaterally declaring certain "bedrock" arguments, assumptions, dogmas, standpoints or actions "sacrosanct" and never open to dialogue, or arbitrarily taking some emotional tones, logical standpoints, doctrines or choices "off the table" beforehand. (E.g., " "No, let's not talk about my sexuality," "Don't bring my drinking into this," or "Before we begin, you'll want to know I won't will let you play the race card or permit you to assault my arguments by claiming 'That's just what Hitler would say!'") Also applies to discounting or rejecting sure arguments, information and proof (or even experiences!) out of hand as a result of they are supposedly "in opposition to the Bible" or other sacred dogma (See additionally the A Priori Argument). This fallacy sometimes degenerates into a separate, distracting argument over who will get to define the parameters, tones, dogmas and taboos of the main argument, though at this level reasoned discourse most often breaks down and all the affair becomes a bare Argumentum ad Baculum. See additionally, MYOB, Tone Policing, and Calling "Cards." They're All Crooks: The common contemporary fallacy of refusing to get involved in public politics because "all" politicians and politics are allegedly corrupt, ignoring the fact that if this is so in a democratic country it is exactly because respectable people like you and i refuse to become involved, leaving the field open to the "crooks" by default. An example of Circular Reasoning. Related to this fallacy is "They're All Biased," the extraordinarily common contemporary cynical fallacy of ignoring news and information media because none tells the "goal reality" and all push some "agenda." This basically true observation logically requiring audiences to regularly view or learn a wide range of media sources in an effort to get any approximation of reality, however for a lot of younger folks at the moment (2017) it means in apply, "Ignore news, news media and public affairs altogether and as an alternative pay attention to something that's fun, thrilling or personally interesting to you." The sinister implication for democracy is, "Mind your individual business and leave all of the 'massive' questions to your betters, those whose job is to deal with these questions and who're properly paid to take action." See additionally the Third Person Effect, and Deliberate Ignorance. The "Third Person Effect" (also, "Wise up!" and "They're All Liars"): An example of the fallacy of Deliberate Ignorance, the arch-cynical postmodern fallacy of deliberately discounting or ignoring media info a priori, opting to stay in ignorance relatively than "listening to the lies" of the mainstream media, the President, the "medical institution," professionals, professors, doctors and the "academic elite" or other authorities or info sources, even about pressing subjects (e.g., the need for vaccinations) on which these sources are in any other case publicly thought of to be generally dependable or relatively reliable. In keeping with Drexel University researchers (2017), the "Third Person Effect ... means that people will perceive a mass media message to have more affect on others, than themselves. This perception tends to counteract the message's meant 'call-to-motion.' Basically, this suggests that over time people wised up to the truth that some mass media messages were meant to manipulate them -- so the messages grew to become less and fewer effective." This fallacy seems to be opposite to and an overreaction to the large Lie Technique. See additionally, Deliberate Ignorance, the Simpleton's Fallacy, and Trust your Gut.

The "Thousand Flowers" Fallacy (additionally, "Take names and kick butt."): A classy, fashionable "Argumentum ad Baculum" wherein free and open discussion and "brainstorming" are temporarily allowed and encouraged (even demanded) within a corporation or country not primarily in order to listen to and consider opposing views, however moderately to "smoke out," establish and later punish, hearth or liquidate dissenters or those not following the Party Line. The title comes from the Thousand Flowers Period in Chinese history when Communist leader Chairman Mao Tse Tung utilized this coverage with deadly impact. Throwing Good Money After Bad (additionally, "Sunk Cost Fallacy"): In his glorious ebook, Logically Fallacious (2015), Author Bo Bennett describes this fallacy as follows: "Reasoning that further investment is warranted on the fact that the sources already invested might be lost in any other case, not taking into account the overall losses involved in the additional investment." In other words, risking further money to "save" an earlier, dropping investment, ignoring the old axiom that "Doing the identical thing and anticipating different results is the definition of insanity." E.g., "I am unable to cease betting now, because I already bet the rent and lost, and i must win it back or my spouse will kill me after i get residence!" See also Argument from Inertia.

TINA (There is no such thing as a Alternative. Also the "Adore it or Leave It" Fallacy; "Get over it," "Suck it up," "It is what it is," "Actions/Elections have consequences," or the "Fait Accompli"): A very common contemporary extension of the either/or fallacy by which someone in power quashes important thought by saying that there is no such thing as a life like different to a given standpoint, standing or motion, arbitrarily ruling any and all different choices out of bounds, or announcing that a decision has been made and any additional discussion is insubordination, disloyalty, treason, disobedience or simply a waste of precious time when there's a job to be finished. (See also, "Taboo;" "Finish the Job.") TINA is most frequently a naked power-play, a barely more subtle variety of the Argumentum advert Baculum. See additionally Appeal to Closure. Tone Policing. A corrupt argument from pathos and delivery, the fallacy of judging the validity of an argument primarily by its emotional tone of delivery, ignoring the reality that a legitimate reality or argument stays valid whether it is obtainable calmly and deliberatively or is shouted in a "shrill" and even "hysterical" tone, whether or not carefully written and published in skilled, educational language in a respected, peer-reviewed journal or screamed through a bull-horn and peppered with vulgarity. Conversely, a highly pressing emotional matter remains to be pressing even if argued coldly and rationally. This fallacy creates a false dichotomy between cause and emotion and thus implicitly favors those who aren't personally involved or emotionally invested in an argument, e.g., "I do know you are upset, but I won't discuss it with you till you calm down," or "I'd believe what you wrote had been it not on your adolescent overuse of exclamation factors all through the text." Or alternately, "You appear to be taking the demise of your partner means too calmly. You're below arrest for homicide. You will have the precise to remain silent..." Tone Policing is frequent in contemporary discourse of energy, significantly in response to discourse of protest, and is often used in sexist ways, e.g. the accusation of being "shrill" is nearly all the time used in opposition to ladies, never towards men. See also, The F-Bomb.

Transfer: (additionally, Name Dropping) A corrupt argument from ethos, falsely associating a well-known or revered person, place or factor with an unrelated thesis or standpoint (e.g. putting a picture of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on an commercial for mattresses, using Genghis Khan, a Mongol who hated Chinese, as the title of a Chinese restaurant, or utilizing the Texas flag to sell extra vehicles or pickups in Texas that have been made in Detroit, Kansas City or Korea). This fallacy is common in contemporary academia in the form of using a profusion of scholarly-wanting citations from respected authorities to lend a false gravitas to otherwise specious ideas or textual content. See also "Star Power." Trust your Gut (additionally, Trust your Heart; Trust Your Feelings; Trust your Intuition; Trust your Instincts; Emotional Reasoning): A corrupt argument from pathos, the historical fallacy of relying totally on "intestine feelings" reasonably than cause or evidence to make selections. A recent (2017) Ohio State University study finds, unsurprisingly, that individuals who "belief their intestine" are significantly more prone to falling for "fake information," phony conspiracy theories, frauds and scams than those that insist on laborious evidence or logic. See additionally Deliberate Ignorance, the Affective Fallacy, and The "Third Person Effect."

Tu Quoque ("You Do it Too!"; additionally, Two Wrongs Make a Right): A corrupt argument from ethos, the fallacy of defending a shaky or false standpoint or excusing one's personal unhealthy motion by pointing out that one's opponent's acts, ideology or private character are also open to question, or are perhaps even worse than one's personal. E.g., "Sure, we could have tortured prisoners and killed kids with drones, but we don't lower off heads like they do!" Or, "You can't stand there and accuse me of corruption! You guys are all into politics and you realize what we need to do to get reelected!" Unusual, self-deprecating variants on this fallacy are the Ego / Nos Quoque Fallacies ("I / we do it too!"), minimizing or defending another's evil actions because I'm / we're guilty of the identical factor or of even worse. E.g., In response to allegations that Russian Premier Vladimir Putin is a "killer," American President Donald Trump (2/2017) advised an interviewer, "There are a number of killers. We've acquired numerous killers. What, do you suppose our nation's so innocent?" This fallacy is related to the Red Herring and to the Ad Hominem Argument.

Two-sides Fallacy (additionally, Teach the Controversy): The presentation of a difficulty that makes it seem to have two sides of equal weight or significance, when in fact a consensus or a lot stronger argument helps just one facet. Also called "false balance" or "false equivalence." (Because of Teaching Tolerance for this definition!) E.g,. "Scientists theorize that the Earth is a sphere, however there are all the time two sides to any argument: Others imagine that the Earth is flat and is perched on the again of a giant turtle, and a actually balanced presentation of the problem requires instructing each explanations with out bias or unduly favoring either facet over the other." Two Truths (additionally, Compartmentalization; Epistemically Closed Systems; Alternative Truth): A very corrupt and dangerous fallacy of logos and ethos, first formally described in medieval instances but nonetheless widespread in the present day, holding that there exists one "fact" in a single given setting (e.g., in science, work or school) and simultaneously a distinct, formally contradictory but equally true "truth" in a distinct epistemic system, context, setting, supposed audience or discourse neighborhood (e.g., in one's religion or at dwelling). This will lead to a state of affairs of stable cognitive dissonance where, as UC Irvine scholar Dr. Carter T. Butts describes it (2016), "I know however don't consider," making rational dialogue tough, painful or not possible. This fallacy also describes the discourse of politicians who cynically proclaim one "reality" as mere "marketing campaign rhetoric" used "to mobilize the bottom," or "for domestic consumption only," and a quite completely different and contradictory "truth" for more basic or sensible purposes as soon as in workplace. See also Disciplinary Blinders; Alternative Truth. Venting (additionally, Letting off Steam; Loose Lips): In the Venting fallacy a person argues that her/his words are or ought to be exempt from criticism or consequence because s/he was "only venting," though this very admission implies that the one "venting" was, at long final, freely expressing his/her true, heartfelt and uncensored opinion concerning the matter in question. This identical fallacy applies to minimizing, denying the significance of or excusing other forms of frank, unguarded or uninhibited offensive expression as mere "Locker-room Talk," "Alpha-male Speech" or nothing but cute, adorable, perhaps even sexy "Bad-boy Talk." See also, the Affective Fallacy. Opposite to this fallacy are the fallacies of Political Correctness and the Scripted Message, above.

Venue: The historic fallacy of Venue, a corrupt argument from kairos, falsely and arbitrarily invalidates an otherwise-valid argument or piece of proof as a result of it's supposedly supplied within the mistaken place, on the fallacious second or in an inappropriate courtroom, medium or forum. According to PhD scholar Amanda Thran, "Very often, folks will say to me in particular person that Facebook, Twitter, and so forth. are 'not the proper boards' for discussing politically and socially delicate issues. ... On this same vein, I’ve also encountered the following argument: 'Facebook, which is used for sharing marriage ceremony, baby, and pet pictures, is an inappropriate place for political discourse; folks don’t wished to be burdened with that after they log in.' In my expertise, this line of reasoning is most frequently employed (and abused) to shut down a dialog when one feels they are losing it. Ironically, I've seen it used when the argument has already been transpiring on the platform [in] an already lengthy discussion." See also Disciplinary Blinders. We Must Do Something: (additionally, the Placebo Effect; Political Theater; Security Theater; We need to send a message): The harmful contemporary fallacy that when "People are scared / Persons are offended / Persons are fed up / People are hurting / People need change" it becomes essential to do one thing, something, at once with out stopping to ask "What?" or "Why?", even when what is done is an overreaction, is a totally ineffective sham, an inert placebo, or actually makes the situation worse, quite than "just sitting there doing nothing." (E.g., "Banning air passengers from carrying ham sandwiches onto the plane and making mother and father take off their newborn infants' tiny pink baby-shoes in all probability does nothing to deter potential terrorists, but persons are scared and we need to do something to reply to this crisis!") It is a badly corrupted argument from pathos. (See also "Scare Tactic" and "The big 'But' Fallacy.")

Where there’s Smoke, there’s Fire (also Hasty Conclusion; Jumping to a Conclusion): The dangerous fallacy of ignorantly drawing a snap conclusion and/or taking action with out sufficient proof. E.g., "Captain! The man sitting next to me in coach has darkish skin and is reading a e book in some form of funny language all full of accent marks, weird squiggles above the "N's" and upside-down question marks. It must be Arabic! Get him off the aircraft earlier than he blows us all to kingdom come!" A wide range of the "Just in Case" fallacy. The other of this fallacy is the "Paralysis of Analysis."

The Wisdom of the crowd (additionally, The Magic of the Market; the Wikipedia Fallacy; Crowdsourcing): A quite common contemporary fallacy that individuals could also be improper however "the group" or "the market" is infallible, ignoring historic examples like witch-burning, lynching, and the market crash of 2008. This fallacy is why most American faculties and universities at present (2017) ban students from using Wikipedia as a severe reference source.

The Worst-Case Fallacy (additionally, "Just in case;" "We will not afford to take possibilities;" "An abundance of warning;" "Better Safe than Sorry;" "Better to forestall than to lament."): A pessimistic fallacy by which one’s reasoning is predicated on an improbable, far-fetched and even utterly imaginary worst-case state of affairs slightly than on actuality. This performs on pathos (worry) slightly than purpose, and is usually politically motivated. E.g., "What if armed terrorists have been to attack your county grain elevator tomorrow morning at dawn? Are you ready to fight back? Better inventory up on assault rifles and ammunition today, simply in case!" See additionally Scare Tactics. The other of that is the Positive Thinking Fallacy. The Worst Negates the Bad (additionally, Be Grateful for What You've Got): The extraordinarily common fashionable logical fallacy that an objectively dangerous scenario by some means isn't so dangerous just because it might have been far worse, or as a result of somebody, someplace has it even worse. E.g., "I cried as a result of I had no footwear, until I noticed somebody who had no toes." Or, "You're protesting since you earn only $7.25 an hour? You possibly can simply as simply be out on the street! I happen to know there are people in Uttar Pradesh who are doing the exact same work you're doing for one tenth of what you are making, and so they're pathetically glad simply to have work in any respect. You must shut up, put down that picket signal, get again to work for what I care to pay you, and thank me each and daily for supplying you with a job!" Zero Tolerance (also, Zero Risk Bias, Broken Windows Policing, Disproportionate Response; Even One is simply too Many; Exemplary Punishment; Judenrein): The contemporary fallacy of declaring an "emergency" and promising to disregard justice and due course of and commit unlimited assets (and often, limitless cruelty) to stamp out a limited, insignificant or even nonexistent problem. E.g., "I just examine an precise case of cannibalism somewhere on this nation. That's disgusting, and even one case is way, approach too many! We want a Federal Taskforce against Cannibalism with a million-dollar budget and offices in every state, a nationwide SCAN program in all the grade colleges (Stop Cannibalism in America Now!), and an automatic double death penalty for cannibals; in other phrases, zero tolerance for cannibalism on this nation!" This can be a corrupt and cynical argument from pathos, almost at all times politically driven, a very sinister variety of Dog Whistle Politics and the "We Need to do Something" fallacy. See also, "Playing on Emotions," "Red Herring," and also the "Big Lie Technique." OW 7/06 with due to the late Susan Spence. Final revision 1/18, with special due to Business Insider, Teaching Tolerance, and Vox.com, to Bradley Steffens, to Jackson Katz, Brian Resnick, Glen Greenwald, Lara Bhasin, Danelle M. Pecht, Marc Lawson, Eimar O'Duffy, and Mike Caetano, to Dr. William Lorimer, Dr. Carter T. Butts, Dr. Bo Bennett, Myron Peto, Joel Sax, Thomas Persing, Amanda Thran, and to all of the others who advised corrections, additions and clarifications. Links to Amazon.com on this page are for reader comfort only, and no endorsement is offered or implied. This listing is now not being maintained, however please proceed to repeat, mirror, replace and share it freely.

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